{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:03:29Z","timestamp":1782846209439,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Foods are not only masticated and swallowed but they also influence the choice of utensils and their use. Comparing the contexts in which different utensils are used with each food form could help in the assessment of individuals experiencing eating difficulties in the food culture unique to East Asian countries.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Considering East Asian rehabilitation practices, in this study, we evaluated upper body movements involved in eating pickles (solid food) and yogurt (semisolid food) using chopsticks and a spoon, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Upper body kinematics, including joint and hand spatiotemporal parameters, were quantified using a 3D inertial motion-capturing system and analyzed in healthy males (n=22; mean age 27.9, SD 5.5 years) and females (n=21; mean age 26.9, SD 4.7 years) across 4 feeding phases (reaching, picking it up, transporting, and inserting food into the mouth) by comparing utensils for eating respective food forms using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Both sexes showed smaller maximum shoulder flexion angles with chopsticks for eating solid food across all phases (Males: reaching phase,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001; picking foods up phase,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.04; transport phase,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001; and mouth phase,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001. Females: reaching phase,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001; picking foods up phase,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.007; transport phase,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001; and mouth phase,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001.). Elbow, forearm, and wrist ulnar deviation angle changes were smaller using chopsticks during the \u201cpicking up\u201d phase (in both sexes,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001) compared with using a spoon. However, greater elbow joint angle changes were found during the \u201creaching\u201d phase (males,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.002; females,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.03) and greater forearm angle changes were found during the \u201ctransporting\u201d phase (males,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.01; females,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.001) with chopsticks than with spoons. Regarding hand spatiotemporal parameters, the chopstick condition involved shorter actual distances (males,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001; females,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001), lower distance efficiency (males,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.04; females,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.001), and slower speed (males,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.001; females,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001) during food transport.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The joint angle and hand spatiotemporal parameter characteristics observed during chopstick use for eating solid foods and spoon use for eating semisolid foods in healthy individuals could serve as reference movements in individuals with sensorimotor dysfunctions and inform the selection of adaptive utensils in rehabilitation practice.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/76239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:22:25Z","timestamp":1773282145000},"page":"e76239-e76239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Upper Body Joint and Hand Motions in Eating Solid Foods With Chopsticks and Semisolid Foods With a Spoon in Healthy Males and Females: Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3691-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Nakatake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2493-2172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shogo","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6216-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeaki","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9129-0981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-8694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etsuo","family":"Chosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4321\/s1130-01082004000200005","article-title":"Approaching oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"96","author":"Clav\u00e9","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2018.1536021","article-title":"Functional and cognitive variables predicting successful use of chopsticks or a spoon by the paretic upper extremity in patients following stroke: a cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"Iokawa","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15453\/2168-6408.1901","article-title":"Three-dimensional motion analysis for occupational therapy upper extremity assessment and rehabilitation: a scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Hill","journal-title":"The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32178\/jotr.38.2_163","article-title":"Whole-body joint angles necessary for eating with chopsticks","volume":"38","author":"Nakatake","journal-title":"Jpn Occup Ther Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259184","article-title":"Exploring whole-body kinematics when eating real foods with the dominant hand in healthy adults","volume":"16","author":"Nakatake","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24546\/00391929","article-title":"Joint motion analysis of the upper extremity required for eating activities","volume":"19","author":"Nagao","journal-title":"Bull Health Sci Kobe"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2006.03.009","article-title":"The pincer chopsticks: the investigation of a new utensil in pinching function","volume":"38","author":"Chang","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2024.105908","article-title":"Analysis of head motions during food intake in Japanese adults using a new motion capture system","volume":"160","author":"Chinju","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.08.023","article-title":"Association between mouth opening and upper body movement with intake of different-size food pieces during eating","volume":"57","author":"Inada","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.02.024","article-title":"Functional range of motion in the upper extremity and trunk joints: nine functional everyday tasks with inertial sensors","volume":"70","author":"Do\u011fan","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050937","article-title":"The kinematics of eating with a spoon: bringing the food to the mouth, or the mouth to the food?","volume":"129","author":"van der Kamp","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1646326","article-title":"Functional range of motion for basic seated activities of daily living tasks","volume":"7","author":"Inagaki","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"issue":"7","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.06.013","article-title":"Quantitative assessment based on kinematic measures of functional impairments during upper extremity movements: a review","volume":"29","author":"de los Reyes-Guzm\u00e1n","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023531","article-title":"Systematic review on kinematic assessments of upper limb movements after stroke","volume":"50","author":"Schwarz","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1537-2","article-title":"Validation of inertial measurement units with an optoelectronic system for whole-body motion analysis","volume":"55","author":"Robert-Lachaine","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030719","article-title":"Inertial measurement units for clinical movement analysis: reliability and concurrent validity","volume":"18","author":"Al-Amri","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N63","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/8\/N63","article-title":"Concurrent validation of Xsens MVN measurement of lower limb joint angular kinematics","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"2","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.742932","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a wearable inertial motion capture system for capturing physical exposures during manual material handling tasks","volume":"56","author":"Kim","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110410","article-title":"Concurrent validity of an inertial measurement system in tennis forehand drive","volume":"121","author":"Pedro","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"11","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319886477","article-title":"Standardized measurement of quality of upper limb movement after stroke: consensus-based core recommendations from the second stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable","volume":"33","author":"Kwakkel","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2490\/prm.20170011","article-title":"Influence of gender differences on range of motion and joint angles during eating in young, healthy Japanese adults","volume":"2","author":"Nakatake","journal-title":"Prog Rehabil Med"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2020.102632","article-title":"Comparison of upper limb kinematics in two activities of daily living with different handling requirements","volume":"72","author":"Mesquita","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16571","article-title":"Age- and sex-related differences in upper-body joint and endpoint kinematics during a drinking task in healthy adults","volume":"11","author":"Nakatake","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2023-0085","article-title":"Do sex and age influence scapular and thoracohumeral kinematics during a functional task protocol?","volume":"40","author":"Waslen","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"issue":"12","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2025.05.013","article-title":"Effect size guidelines for individual and group differences in physiotherapy","volume":"106","author":"Zieli\u0144ski","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.24.953","article-title":"Comparison of effects of pincer- and scissor-pinching modes of chopstick operation on shoulder and forearm muscle activation during a simulated eating task","volume":"24","author":"Yoo","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-6870(97)00046-x","article-title":"Effects of shape and operation of chopsticks on food-serving performance","volume":"29","author":"Chen","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2018.06.006","article-title":"Oral processing behavior of drinkable, spoonable and chewable foods is primarily determined by rheological and mechanical food properties","volume":"71","author":"Aguayo-Mendoza","journal-title":"Food Qual Prefer"},{"issue":"1","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241416","article-title":"Accuracy of planar reaching movements. II. Systematic extent errors resulting from inertial anisotropy","volume":"99","author":"Gordon","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14421","article-title":"The effect of rheumatoid arthritis on upper extremity functions: a kinematic perspective","volume":"25","author":"Gur Kabul","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113823","article-title":"Sensor network for analyzing upper body strategies in Parkinson\u2019s disease versus normative kinematic patterns","volume":"21","author":"Romano","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56956-0","article-title":"Acquisition of chopstick-operation skills with the non-dominant hand and concomitant changes in brain activity","volume":"9","author":"Sawamura","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2020-0189","article-title":"Chopstick operation training with the left non-dominant hand","volume":"12","author":"Sawamura","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci"}],"container-title":["JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rehab.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e76239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:07:43Z","timestamp":1782842863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rehab.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e76239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/76239","relation":{},"ISSN":["2369-2529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2369-2529","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"article-number":"v13i2e76239"}}