{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:13:49Z","timestamp":1792844029367,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Hum Factors"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Sleep is essential for overall health and well-being, but assessing sleep architecture is often costly and time-consuming, relying primarily on polysomnography (PSG). While wrist-worn wearables offer alternatives, they face limitations regarding user compliance, such as battery charging and physical discomfort. Nearable devices address these burdens, but they regularly lack rigorous validation, especially in real-world settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study evaluates the accuracy and reliability of the Withings Sleep Analyzer (WSA), a contactless sleep monitoring device, compared to PSG in a home setting using a large and diverse cohort of healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 117 healthy volunteers (69 women; mean 39.9, SD 11.4 years), prospectively recruited from the general population, underwent home-based PSG and simultaneous WSA recording. The study was conducted under free-living conditions, without constraints on substance intake, prebedtime activity, or forced sleep schedules. The main outcomes were the device\u2019s performance in sleep-wake distinction and sleep stage identification using accuracy, kappa, sensitivity, specificity, and the mean absolute error of sleep measures on the entire population and demographic, clinical, and environmental subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n WSA demonstrates high sensitivity (93%, 95% CI 92%-94%) for sleep detection and moderate sensitivity (73%, 95% CI 69%-77%) for wakefulness, achieving an overall accuracy of 87% (95% CI 86%-87%) for sleep-wake distinction. The device showed consistent performance across various demographic subgroups, including different age, BMI, mattress, and sleep arrangements (with or without bed partner) categories. Challenges were noted in accurately classifying specific sleep stages, particularly in distinguishing between light and deep sleep, with a mean accuracy of 63% (95% CI 62%-65%) and a Cohen \u03ba of 0.49 (95% CI 0.47-0.51). The WSA tended to overestimate total sleep time (20 min, 95% CI 10 min to 31 min) and light sleep (1 h 21 min, 95% CI 1 h 8 min to 1 h 36 min) while underestimating rapid eye movement (\u221215 min, 95% CI \u221223 min to \u22128 min) and deep sleep (\u221246 min, 95% CI \u221259 min to \u221234 min) durations. Disagreements between expert reviewers were mirrored in part by the WSA\u2019s misclassifications. Participants reported altered perceived sleep quality during the night with the PSG, suggesting discomfort during sleep.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Being contactless and placed under the mattress, the WSA offers a promising approach to long-term sleep monitoring in natural home environments. It shows competitive performance in sleep-wake and sleep stage identification compared to other consumer devices. Progress in wearable and nearable devices is necessary to enhance their accuracy to better support the monitoring of populations with impaired sleep, although limited by an imperfect gold standard. This work also emphasizes the importance of using large, diverse, and challenging datasets, as well as the need for a standardized methodology for accurate sleep stage classification.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/77033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T07:10:05Z","timestamp":1769411405000},"page":"e77033-e77033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of a Contactless Sleep Monitoring Device for Sleep Stage Detection at Home in a Healthy Population: Prospective Study in Free-Living Conditions"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8903-1537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Ange","family":"Stefanos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0804-2850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"de Laboulaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8650-8953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7071-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"de Gourcuff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Escourrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7845-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Matrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4563-0001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Sigridur","family":"Islind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9121-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre Alexis","family":"Geoffroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2007.11.008","article-title":"Positive affect, psychological well-being, and good sleep","volume":"64","author":"Steptoe","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2016.1247035","article-title":"Why might poor sleep quality lead to depression? A role for emotion regulation","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Leary","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2017.11.006","article-title":"Association of sleep duration and sleep quality with the physical, social, and emotional functioning among Australian adults","volume":"4","author":"Lallukka","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.03.001","article-title":"Sleep, health, and society","volume":"17","author":"Grandner","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.09.032","article-title":"Insomnia and hypersomnia in major depressive episode: prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity in a population-based study","volume":"226","author":"Geoffroy","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2013.05.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, course, risk factors, and public health burden","volume":"8","author":"Morin","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"Suppl 16","key":"R7","first-page":"12","volume":"65 Suppl 16","author":"Young","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Senaratna","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64032-1.00025-4","article-title":"Polysomnography","volume":"160","author":"Rundo","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"23","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1851","article-title":"Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers","volume":"306","author":"Rajaratnam","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-1997-5403","article-title":"Polysomnography: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Bloch","journal-title":"Technol Health Care"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keenan SA . Polysomnographic technique: an overview. In: Chokroverty S , editor. Sleep Disorders Medicine: Basic Science, Technical Considerations, and Clinical Aspects. Butterworth-Heinemann; 1994:79-94. [doi: 10.1016\/B978-0-7506-9002-7.50011-2]","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-9002-7.50011-2"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.03.009","article-title":"Validity of a commercial wearable sleep tracker in adult insomnia disorder patients and good sleepers","volume":"97","author":"Kang","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101843","article-title":"Multi-night measurement for diagnosis and simplified monitoring of obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"72","author":"Lechat","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/18.6.463","article-title":"First-night effect in normal subjects and psychiatric inpatients","volume":"18","author":"Toussaint","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"07","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7228","article-title":"Use of actigraphy for the evaluation of sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment","volume":"14","author":"Smith","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6506","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for diagnostic testing for adult obstructive sleep apnea: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline","volume":"13","author":"Kapur","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-024-00301-z","article-title":"A systematic review on the technical feasibility of home-polysomnography for diagnosis of sleep disorders in adults","volume":"10","author":"Braun","journal-title":"Curr Sleep Medicine Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.1.114","article-title":"Portable computerized polysomnography in attended and unattended settings","volume":"115","author":"Mykytyn","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7264","article-title":"Ambulatory versus laboratory polysomnography in obstructive sleep apnea: comparative assessment of quality, clinical efficacy, treatment compliance, and quality of life","volume":"14","author":"Andrade","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2009.00814.x","article-title":"Objective measurements of sleep for non-laboratory settings as alternatives to polysomnography \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Van de Water","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20921","article-title":"Current status and future challenges of sleep monitoring systems: systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Pan","journal-title":"JMIR Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15020117","article-title":"Transforming sleep monitoring: review of wearable and remote devices advancing home polysomnography and their role in predicting neurological disorders","volume":"15","author":"Vitazkova","journal-title":"Biosensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.10.1353","article-title":"A comparison of actigraphy and polysomnography in older adults treated for chronic primary insomnia","volume":"29","author":"Sivertsen","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"10","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.10.1362","article-title":"Wake detection capacity of actigraphy during sleep","volume":"30","author":"Paquet","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad325","article-title":"State of the science and recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research","volume":"47","author":"de Zambotti","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.2016.1171708","article-title":"Consumer sleep tracking devices: a review of mechanisms, validity and utility","volume":"13","author":"Kolla","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"issue":"6","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9168","article-title":"Validation of the Withings Sleep Analyzer, an under-the-mattress device for the detection of moderate-severe sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Edouard","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1761OC","article-title":"Multinight prevalence, variability, and diagnostic misclassification of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"205","author":"Lechat","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/53643","article-title":"Reliable contactless monitoring of heart rate, breathing rate, and breathing disturbance during sleep in aging: digital health technology evaluation study.","volume":"12","author":"G Ravindran","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"4","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-022-02751-7","article-title":"Evaluating an under-mattress sleep monitor compared to a peripheral arterial tonometry home sleep apnea test device in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"27","author":"Jagielski","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"1","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31710","article-title":"Comparison of home sleep devices and sleep study testing in hypoglossal nerve stimulation patients","volume":"135","author":"Huyett","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"10","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad194","article-title":"Contactless and longitudinal monitoring of nocturnal sleep and daytime naps in older men and women: a digital health technology evaluation study","volume":"46","author":"Ravindran","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"055014","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ab3ac9","article-title":"Pneumatic sensor for cardiorespiratory monitoring during sleep","volume":"5","author":"Yang","journal-title":"Biomed Phys Eng Express"},{"issue":"3","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5664\/JCSM.1078","article-title":"Sleep staging based on autonomic signals: a multi-center validation study","volume":"7","author":"Hedner","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.022","article-title":"Validation of sleep stage classification using non-contact radar technology and machine learning (Somnofy\u00ae)","volume":"75","author":"Toften","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa291","article-title":"Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography","volume":"44","author":"Chinoy","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020635","article-title":"Evaluating accuracy in five commercial sleep-tracking devices compared to research-grade actigraphy and polysomnography","volume":"24","author":"Kainec","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70036","article-title":"Performance evaluation of the verily numetric watch sleep suite for digital sleep assessment against in-lab polysomnography","volume":"34","author":"Nelson","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2024.02.007","article-title":"Performance of wearable sleep trackers during nocturnal sleep and periods of simulated real-world smartphone use","volume":"10","author":"Willoughby","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac304","article-title":"Call to action: an open-source pipeline for standardized performance evaluation of sleep-tracking technology","volume":"46","author":"Benedetti","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa170","article-title":"A standardized framework for testing the performance of sleep-tracking technology: step-by-step guidelines and open-source code","volume":"44","author":"Menghini","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2025.106506","article-title":"World Sleep Society recommendations for the use of wearable consumer health trackers that monitor sleep","volume":"131","author":"Chee","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22166317","article-title":"A validation of six wearable devices for estimating sleep, heart rate and heart rate variability in healthy adults","volume":"22","author":"Miller","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01016-9","article-title":"Evaluating reliability in wearable devices for sleep staging","volume":"7","author":"Birrer","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14143","article-title":"A systematic review of the performance of actigraphy in measuring sleep stages","volume":"33","author":"Yuan","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051562","article-title":"A systematic review of sensing technologies for wearable sleep staging","volume":"21","author":"Imtiaz","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R48","unstructured":"Berry RB . Fundamentals of Sleep Medicine. Elsevier; 2012. ISBN: 9781437703269"},{"issue":"2","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R50","unstructured":"Berry RB Brooks R Gamaldo CE Harding SM Marcus CL Vaughn BV . The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2015. URL: https:\/\/aasm.org\/resources\/pdf\/scoring-manual-preface.pdf [Accessed 14-02-2026]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa5feb","article-title":"ECG derived respiration: comparison of time-domain approaches and application to altered breathing patterns of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"38","author":"Schmidt","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"4","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1413578","article-title":"A validation study of Fitbit Charge 2 compared with polysomnography in adults","volume":"35","author":"de Zambotti","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9538","article-title":"Interrater reliability of sleep stage scoring: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lee","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6514","article-title":"Validation of contact-free sleep monitoring device with comparison to polysomnography.","volume":"13","author":"Tal","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.04.010","article-title":"Polysomnographic validation of an under-mattress monitoring device in estimating sleep architecture and obstructive sleep apnea in adults","volume":"96","author":"Ding","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044015","article-title":"Prospective cohort study to evaluate the accuracy of sleep measurement by consumer-grade smart devices compared with polysomnography in a sleep disorders population","volume":"11","author":"Ellender","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9700","article-title":"Validation of a nonwearable device in healthy adults with normal and short sleep durations","volume":"18","author":"Hsiou","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7682","article-title":"Sleep parameter assessment accuracy of a consumer home sleep monitoring ballistocardiograph beddit sleep tracker: a validation study.","volume":"15","author":"Tuominen","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9754","article-title":"A validation study of a ballistocardiograph sleep tracker against polysomnography","volume":"18","author":"Kholghi","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14480","article-title":"Performance evaluation of an under-mattress sleep sensor versus polysomnography in >\u2009400 nights with healthy and unhealthy sleep","volume":"34","author":"Manners","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/768794","article-title":"Recent developments in home sleep-monitoring devices","volume":"2012","author":"Kelly","journal-title":"ISRN Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90018-v","article-title":"Bias, prevalence and kappa","volume":"46","author":"Byrt","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1635539","article-title":"The kappa coefficient and the prevalence of a diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"Gj\u00f8rup","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20053984","article-title":"Measuring sleep quality in the hospital environment with wearable and non-wearable devices in adults with stroke undergoing inpatient rehabilitation.","volume":"20","author":"Pellegrini","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1642","article-title":"The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Carney","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm-conference.2023.207.1_MeetingAbstracts.A6200","article-title":"Multi-night assessment of snoring is associated with hypertension independent of OSA severity [Abstract]","volume":"207","author":"Lechat","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301631","article-title":"Impact of sleep quality and physical activity on blood pressure variability","volume":"19","author":"de Havenon","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20513","article-title":"Sleep irregularity is associated with hypertension: findings from over 2 million nights with a large global population sample","volume":"80","author":"Scott","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.10.016","article-title":"Are we getting enough sleep? Frequent irregular sleep found in an analysis of over 11 million nights of objective in-home sleep data","volume":"10","author":"Scott","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13495","article-title":"Night-time voids, level of bother and sleep characteristics in a non-patient population of wearable devices users","volume":"74","author":"Chapple","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051378","article-title":"Sleep in the natural environment: a pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Chaudhry","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"}],"container-title":["JMIR Human Factors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e77033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:09:02Z","timestamp":1782842942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e77033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/77033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2292-9495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2292-9495","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"article-number":"v13i4e77033"}}