{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:02:36Z","timestamp":1783980156766,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The DC Cohort is a longitudinal HIV cohort study of people with HIV receiving care at 14 clinical sites in Washington, DC, led by George Washington University. Data are routinely linked to the DC Department of Health (DC Health) HIV surveillance databases to increase data completeness and accuracy and to help identify people with HIV enrolled at multiple sites. The ATra\n                    <jats:sup\/>\n                    Black Box (Black Box henceforth) is a novel privacy technology developed by Georgetown University, which is currently deployed in 40 public health jurisdictions. The Black Box provides a secure mechanism to link private health information across data systems. The Black Box was modified for the purposes of linking data from the DC Cohort to DC Health surveillance data and increasing the ease, feasibility, accuracy, and timeliness of future linkages. These modifications included providing deidentified data to George Washington University and developing analytic code to compare data between the DC Cohort and DC Health to report on data discrepancies. This paper reports on the results of the initial linkage using the Black Box. DC Cohort data on all consented participants from January 2011 through September 2022 were submitted to the Black Box. Simultaneously, all DC Health HIV surveillance data were also submitted to the Black Box. The data were matched using a predetermined algorithm, match-level scores were assigned, and matches were manually verified. The new Black Box graphical user interface allows users to check files for errors and easily track the Black Box processes and provides analytic plugins for running SAS code. A total of 9744 records of DC Cohort participants were submitted for matching to DC Health. Of these, 9060 participants (93.0%) matched to surveillance data and were validated through manual review. Match-level scores ranged from 20 to 100, and the validation found that scores of 61 and above were true matches. The SAS output files provided information on missing or conflicting data, including lab records, date of HIV diagnosis, and other key demographics. The linkage resulted in the addition of 48,970 CD4 T-lymphocyte counts, 33,413 viral load lab records, and 767 previously unrecognized deaths. Among the DC Cohort participants, 470 were enrolled at more than one site and 17 at more than two sites. The implementation of the Black Box for sharing DC Cohort and DC Health data resulted in better capture of HIV lab records, improved vital status information, and enhanced characterization of care patterns for people with HIV enrolled in the DC Cohort. Future linkages will include DC Health data on diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections, hepatitis, and tuberculosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2196\/77119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T18:40:07Z","timestamp":1750704007000},"page":"e77119-e77119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Using the ATra Black Box to Improve Public Health Data Linkages and Analytics in the DC Cohort Longitudinal HIV Study: Viewpoint on the Process and Findings"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0301-2432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Giuranna","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4604-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Jaurretche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-9725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Mele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9607-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Jarris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6250-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paige","family":"Kulie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4788-8224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6385-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"Smart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9095-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda D","family":"Castel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"DC Cohort Executive Committee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Ending the HIV epidemic in the US (EHE). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. URL: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ehe\/ [Accessed 28-07-2025]"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. HIV national strategic plan: a roadmap to end the epidemic for the United States 2021-2025. HIV. 2021. URL: https:\/\/files.hiv.gov\/s3fs-public\/HIV-National-Strategic-Plan-2021-2025.pdf [Accessed 15-03-2024]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv176","article-title":"Development of a large urban longitudinal HIV clinical cohort using a web-based platform to merge electronically and manually abstracted data from disparate medical record systems: technical challenges and innovative solutions","volume":"23","author":"Greenberg","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.9221","article-title":"Defining care patterns and outcomes among persons living with HIV in Washington, DC: linkage of clinical cohort and surveillance data","volume":"4","author":"Castel","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"ATra overview. Office of the Senior Vice President for Research. URL: https:\/\/osvpr.georgetown.edu\/platforms\/atra [Accessed 31-03-2025]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5317","article-title":"Improving HIV surveillance data for public health action in Washington, DC: a novel multiorganizational data-sharing method","volume":"2","author":"Ocampo","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002090","article-title":"Improving HIV surveillance data by using the ATra Black Box system to assist regional deduplication activities","volume":"82","author":"Ocampo","journal-title":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secure data sharing tool to support de-duplication of cases in the national HIV surveillance system (NHSS): CDC-RFA-PS18-1805. GovTribe. 2017. URL: https:\/\/govtribe.com\/file\/government-file\/cdc-rfa-ps18-1805-final-dot-pdf [Accessed 06-06-2025]"},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"Data security and confidentiality guidelines for HIV, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted disease, and tuberculosis programs: standards to facilitate sharing and use of surveillance data for public health action. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. URL: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/11881 [Accessed 28-07-2025]"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Advanced encryption standard (AES). NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology); 2001. URL: https:\/\/csrc.nist.rip\/pubs\/fips\/197\/final [Accessed 28-07-2025]"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"Ada Information Clearinghouse. URL: https:\/\/adaic.org\/ [Accessed 31-03-2025]"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"SAS. 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URL: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/national-program-cancer-registries\/registry-plus\/link-plus.html [Accessed 28-07-2025]"},{"issue":"2","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15917","article-title":"Comparing methods for record linkage for public health action: matching algorithm validation study","volume":"6","author":"Avoundjian","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e77119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:09:11Z","timestamp":1782842951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e77119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":15,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/77119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"article-number":"v27i3e77119"}}