{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:04:16Z","timestamp":1782846256456,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Serious Games"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amblyopia, a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, often remains inadequately addressed by traditional treatment methods such as refractive correction and occlusion therapy, which can be noninteractive and lead to poor adherence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to design and evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a serious game intervention that integrates perceptual learning and stereoscopic vision training for pediatric amblyopia and to explore its potential as a complementary or alternative approach to conventional treatments such as occlusion or atropine therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated visual acuity, accommodative sensitivity, binocular accommodation, stereopsis, and compliance-related data in a cohort of children with amblyopia aged 7 to 12 years before and after a 3-month intervention. Participants engaged in visual training via a serious game, attending sessions 4 times weekly for 30 minutes each.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Best-corrected visual acuity improved significantly from 0.42 (SD 0.16) to 0.37 (SD 0.18) logMAR, yielding a mean difference of 0.05 (95% CI 0.03\u20100.08;\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>24<\/jats:sub>\n                      =4.82; Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.96;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.001). Accommodative sensitivity showed marked enhancement following the intervention. In the amblyopic eye, mean values increased from 1.44 (SD 2.18) to 4.96 (SD 2.91) cycles per minute, corresponding to a mean change of \u22123.52 (95% CI \u22124.59 to \u22122.45;\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>24<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u22126.81; Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22121.36;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.001). Under binocular viewing, accommodative sensitivity improved from 1.52 (SD 2.49) to 5.08 (SD 2.71) cycles per minute (\u0394=\u22123.56, representing the mean paired difference (baseline minus post), 95% CI \u22124.88 to \u22122.24;\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>24<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u22125.56; Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22121.11;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.001). Stereoacuity also improved significantly, decreasing from 780.0 (SD 613.6) to 448.8 (SD 472.2) arc sec (\u0394=331.20, 95% CI 134.20\u2010528.20;\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>24<\/jats:sub>\n                      =3.47; Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.69;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.002). The proportion of participants with normal Worth 4 dot responses increased from 76% (19\/25) at baseline to 96% (24\/25) after the intervention, and treatment adherence was high under supervised clinical conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The integration of gamified elements into amblyopia treatment was associated with high adherence under supervised clinical conditions and with significant short-term improvements in visual function, suggesting a promising complementary approach to conventional therapies. This interactive approach effectively combines perceptual learning with stereopsis training, presenting a potential alternative to conventional therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/77402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T20:15:07Z","timestamp":1762892107000},"page":"e77402-e77402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Serious Games Integrating Perceptual Learning and Stereopsis Training in Children With Amblyopia: Single-Arm Pre-Post Feasibility 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