{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:21:22Z","timestamp":1789471282268,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Poststroke delirium (PSD) is a severe complication in patients with acute stroke and is characterized by rapid onset fluctuating symptoms, which affect multiple domains (cognition, motor system, and sleep-wake cycle). Similar to other types of delirium, PSD is associated with longer hospitalization, higher mortality, and a higher disability rate. Behavioral studies on cognitive functioning showed significantly poorer cognitive outcomes in both patients with and without PSD compared to healthy controls. Thus, the distinction between \u201cstroke-related\u201d and \u201cPSD-related\u201d cognitive impairments remains unclear. A frequently affected and highly disabling cognitive domain is memory function. However, imaging studies, particularly task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on PSD, are currently scarce and represent a significant gap in the existing literature.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This longitudinal proof-of-concept study aims to investigate the short- and long-term effects of stroke and PSD on cognitive outcome using a multimodal approach and to outline a protocol for a repeated multimodal cognitive assessment in patients with stroke.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We developed a longitudinal study protocol to investigate short- and long-term effects of stroke and PSD on cognitive impairment and recovery. Poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) will be assessed in a comprehensive digital multimodal approach including a multidomain neuropsychological app to facilitate a standardized, rapid testing, particularly for long-term outcomes, as well as task-based functional MRI (introducing a modified working memory task) during the acute (prior PSD development) and postacute phase post stroke and at a 3-month follow-up. In total, 40 patients with acute stroke, divided into a PSD group and non-PSD group (control), will be examined. In the context of the proof-of-concept study, the eligibility of a modified working-memory task, an app-based neuropsychological assessment, and a multimodal MRI protocol will be evaluated. The primary endpoint is a between-group comparison of the cognitive outcome, defined as global PSCI at a 3-month follow-up. Global PSCI will be classified as normal cognitive functioning, or mild, moderate, or severe cognitive impairment, according to the performance level (norm-referenced\n z<\/jats:italic>\n scores) on a multidomain neuropsychological assessment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n This study was funded in December 2023. As of May 2025, 15 patients with stroke have been included. Recruitment and data collection were initiated in June 2024 and are ongoing until December 2025. The findings are expected to be published in summer 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This protocol outlines a proof-of-concept study aiming to fill a critical gap by systematically investigating cognitive functions in patients with acute stroke with and without delirium. Generating reliable preliminary data will provide essential groundwork for future large-scale research, ultimately enhancing understanding of the contribution of PSD to cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/77508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T15:15:07Z","timestamp":1762528507000},"page":"e77508-e77508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cognitive Recovery After Poststroke Delirium (RECOVER): Protocol for a Longitudinal Multimodal Study on Cognitive Assessment in Patients With Stroke"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8346-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena S","family":"Geiger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5007-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Kl\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9234-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Mychajliw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2631-9175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"G\u00e4bele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6387-5571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Joo\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8669-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constanze","family":"Single","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4566-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Feil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8372-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulf","family":"Ziemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2399-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annerose","family":"Mengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00223-4","article-title":"Delirium","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"11","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025015","article-title":"Occurrence rate of delirium in acute stroke settings: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Shaw","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2024.104750","article-title":"Prevalence of post-stroke delirium in acute settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"154","author":"Ye","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1013","article-title":"Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis","volume":"304","author":"Witlox","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025993","article-title":"Delirium in an acute stroke setting, occurrence, and risk factors","volume":"50","author":"Shaw","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.033005","article-title":"Economic impact of poststroke delirium and associated risk factors","volume":"52","author":"Zipser","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.643726","article-title":"Delirium in acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Shi","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3423","article-title":"Association of delirium with cognitive decline in late life: a neuropathologic study of 3 population-based cohort studies","volume":"74","author":"Davis","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01723-4","article-title":"A call to action for delirium research: meta-analysis and regression of delirium associated mortality","volume":"20","author":"Aung Thein","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07129-5","article-title":"Five-year stroke prognosis. Influence of post-stroke delirium and post-stroke dementia on mortality and disability (Research Study-Part of the PROPOLIS Study)","volume":"45","author":"Dro\u015b","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07287-6","article-title":"Impact of delirium on acute stroke outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Gong","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101809","article-title":"Brain network disintegration as a final common pathway for delirium: a systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"van Montfort","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4724","article-title":"A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences","volume":"33","author":"Nitchingham","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031019","article-title":"Course and recognition of poststroke delirium: a prospective noninferiority trial of delirium screening tools","volume":"52","author":"Fleischmann","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01198","article-title":"Delirium screening in aphasic patients with the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC): a prospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Bo\u00dfelmann","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.09.024","article-title":"Disruption of the ascending arousal system and cortical attention networks in post-stroke delirium and spatial neglect","volume":"83","author":"Boukrina","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.319951","article-title":"Post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"130","author":"Rost","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006246","article-title":"Proteomics for the discovery of clinical delirium biomarkers: a systematic review of major studies","volume":"136","author":"Wiredu","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108221","article-title":"Global prevalence and risk factors of delirium among patients following acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Mukminin","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241258788","article-title":"Management of delirium in acute stroke patients: a position paper by the Austrian Stroke Society on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Kneihsl","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106270","article-title":"Associations between stroke localization and delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Rhee","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.004590","article-title":"Use of Montreal cognitive assessment in patients with stroke","volume":"45","author":"Chiti","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-024-09635-5","article-title":"Post-stroke cognition is associated with stroke survivor quality of life and caregiver outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Stolwyk","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"14","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301372","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness","volume":"369","author":"Pandharipande","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72109-0","article-title":"Long-term cognitive impairment after ICU treatment: a prospective longitudinal cohort study (Cog-I-CU)","volume":"10","author":"M\u00fcller","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1159\/000519900","article-title":"Cognitive predictors of delirium on long-term follow-up after TIA and stroke: population-based cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Pendlebury","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318250acdc","article-title":"The relationship between delirium duration, white matter integrity, and cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors as determined by diffusion tensor imaging: the VISIONS prospective cohort magnetic resonance imaging study*","volume":"40","author":"Morandi","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12417","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging offers insights into delirium pathophysiology: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Haggstrom","journal-title":"Australas J Ageing"},{"issue":"12","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2019.09.004","article-title":"Delirium in critically ill patients: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"19","author":"van den Boogaard","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11060976","article-title":"Neural network functional connectivity during and after an episode of delirium","volume":"169","author":"Choi","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06261-y","article-title":"Task effects on functional connectivity measures after stroke","volume":"240","author":"Vinehout","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.01.017","article-title":"Functional brain imaging in survivors of critical illness: a prospective feasibility study and exploration of the association between delirium and brain activation patterns","volume":"30","author":"Jackson","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09442-6","article-title":"Cognitive reserve impacts on disability and cognitive deficits in acute stroke","volume":"266","author":"Umarova","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.051","article-title":"Impaired implicit learning and feedback processing after stroke","volume":"314","author":"Lam","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.25.11.2220","article-title":"Improved reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale using video training. NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group","volume":"25","author":"Lyden","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.32.4.871","article-title":"Should mild or moderate stroke patients be admitted to an intensive care unit?","volume":"32","author":"Briggs","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-021-01811-1","article-title":"Interaction between stroke severity and quality indicators of acute stroke care: a single-center retrospective analysis","volume":"122","author":"Ordies","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"issue":"7872","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)91639-0","article-title":"Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. a practical scale","volume":"2","author":"Teasdale","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000237236.88823.47","article-title":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards","volume":"37","author":"Hachinski","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15068","article-title":"European Stroke Organisation and European Academy of Neurology joint guidelines on post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"28","author":"Quinn","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R41","unstructured":"TUCAN \u2013 T\u00fcbinger Cognitive Assessment for Neuropsychiatric Disorders [Website in German]. URL: https:\/\/tucantest.org [Accessed 08-12-2025]"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polgar S Mychajliw C Wortha F Ninaus M Holz H . Towards the development of a tablet-based screening for cognitive symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Presented at: MobileHCI \u201918; Sep 3-6, 2018; Barcelona, Spain. [doi: 10.1145\/3236112.3236147]","DOI":"10.1145\/3236112.3236147"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/46738","article-title":"Co-creating a digital life-integrated self-assessment for older adults: user experience study","volume":"6","author":"B\u00f6ttinger","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48265","article-title":"Performance differences of a touch-based serial reaction time task in healthy older participants and older participants with cognitive impairment on a tablet: experimental study","volume":"7","author":"Mychajliw","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617722000790","article-title":"Spatial neglect in the digital age: influence of presentation format on patients\u2019 test behavior","volume":"29","author":"Rosenzopf","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"R46","unstructured":"Reitan RM . Trail making test: trail making testmanual for administration and scoring. Reitan Neuropsychological Laboratory; 1992."},{"key":"R47","unstructured":"Petermann F J\u00e4ncke L Waldmann HC . NAB - Neuropsychological Assessment Battery [Web page in German]. Testzentrale. URL: https:\/\/www.testzentrale.de\/shop\/neuropsychological-assessment-battery.html [Accessed 14-12-2025]"},{"key":"R48","unstructured":"Bartusch S Zipper S . Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). MoCA Cognition. URL: https:\/\/mocacognition.com\/ [Accessed 14-12-2025]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12742","article-title":"Montreal Cognitive Assessment Memory Index Score (MoCA-MIS) as a predictor of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Julayanont","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1982.tb01421.x","article-title":"The cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates","volume":"21","author":"Broadbent","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610209990962","article-title":"Screening properties of the German IQCODE with a two-year time frame in MCI and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Ehrensperger","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"R52","first-page":"709","volume":"24","author":"Yesavage","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullinger M Kirchberger I . Fragebogen Zum Gesundheitszustand: SF-36. Hogrefe; 1998. [doi: 10.1026\/\/0084-5345.28.2.143]","DOI":"10.1026\/\/0084-5345.28.2.143"},{"issue":"5","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/003693305700200504","article-title":"Cerebral vascular accidents in patients over the age of 60. II. Prognosis","volume":"2","author":"Rankin","journal-title":"Scott Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202647","article-title":"The Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC)\u2014translation and validation of intensive care delirium checklist in accordance with guidelines","volume":"44","author":"Radtke","journal-title":"Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther"},{"key":"R56","unstructured":"Lehrl S . Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Test (MWT-B). Straube; 1977. ISBN: 978-3-929317-56-5"},{"key":"R57","unstructured":"Multi-band EPI. Minnesota CMRR. URL: https:\/\/www.cmrr.umn.edu\/multiband\/ [Accessed 10-12-2025]"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.10.035","article-title":"Automatization and working memory capacity in schizophrenia","volume":"100","author":"van Raalten","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1679-0","article-title":"Novelty modulates human striatal activation and prefrontal-striatal effective connectivity during working memory encoding","volume":"223","author":"Geiger","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"3736","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3736.652","article-title":"High-speed scanning in human memory","volume":"153","author":"Sternberg","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003270","article-title":"Practice induces function-specific changes in brain activity","volume":"3","author":"van Raalten","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-024-00282-2","article-title":"Longitudinal markers of cognitive procedural learning in fronto-striatal circuits and putative effects of a BDNF plasticity-related variant","volume":"9","author":"Geiger","journal-title":"NPJ Sci Learn"},{"issue":"5","key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010773","article-title":"The Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS), a new set of 480 normative photos of objects to be used as visual stimuli in cognitive research","volume":"5","author":"Brodeur","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106953","article-title":"Bank of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS) phase II: 930 new normative photos","volume":"9","author":"Brodeur","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R65","unstructured":"Neurobehavioral Systems. URL: https:\/\/www.neurobs.com [Accessed 08-12-2025]"},{"key":"R66","unstructured":"IBM SPSS Statistics. IBM. URL: https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/products\/spss-statistics [Accessed 10-12-2025]"},{"key":"R67","unstructured":"MathWorks. URL: https:\/\/mathworks.com [Accessed 14-12-2025]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000034","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement","volume":"28","author":"Sachdev","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241252530","article-title":"Strategic white matter hyperintensity locations associated with post-stroke cognitive impairment: a multicenter study in 1568 stroke patients","volume":"19","author":"Coenen","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103018","article-title":"Network impact score is an independent predictor of post-stroke cognitive impairment: a multicenter cohort study in 2341 patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"34","author":"Biesbroek","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00060-0","article-title":"Strategic infarct locations for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from 12 acute ischaemic stroke cohorts","volume":"20","author":"Weaver","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.125.052253","article-title":"Microemboli detection in acute ischemic stroke could be an early marker of poor cognitive outcome","author":"Ferreira","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1024\/1016-264X\/a000177","article-title":"Kriterien zur Bestimmung des Schweregrades einer neuropsychologischen St\u00f6rung sowie Zuordnungen zur Funktions- und Arbeitsf\u00e4higkeit","volume":"27","author":"Frei","journal-title":"Z fur Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160921","article-title":"Diagnostic value of a tablet-based drawing task for discrimination of patients in the early course of alzheimer\u2019s disease from healthy individuals","volume":"55","author":"M\u00fcller","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R75","unstructured":"SPM12 software. Functional Imaging Laboratory. URL: http:\/\/www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk\/spm\/software\/spm12 [Accessed 08-12-2025]"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.10.001","article-title":"Lesion mapping in neuropsychological research: a practical and conceptual guide","volume":"170","author":"Moore","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.06.013","article-title":"Fast semi-automated lesion demarcation in stroke","volume":"9","author":"de Haan","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.020","article-title":"Age-specific CT and MRI templates for spatial normalization","volume":"61","author":"Rorden","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww010","article-title":"Neural substrates of vulnerability to postsurgical delirium as revealed by presurgical diffusion MRI","volume":"139","author":"Cavallari","journal-title":"Brain (Bacau)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.035733","article-title":"Brain network dysfunction in poststroke delirium and spatial neglect: an fMRI study","volume":"53","author":"Boukrina","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.06.024","article-title":"Resting-state fMRI reveals network disintegration during delirium","volume":"20","author":"van Montfort","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e77508","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:09:42Z","timestamp":1782842982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e77508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":81,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/77508","relation":{},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"article-number":"v15i1e77508"}}