{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:04:38Z","timestamp":1782846278268,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Pediatr Parent"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Responsive feeding is an integral component of nurturing care under the umbrella of early childhood development and has been recommended as an optimal feeding practice globally.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study was conducted to explore responsive and nonresponsive feeding practices among caregivers of children aged 6\u201035 months in China. Factors influencing responsive\/nonresponsive feeding practices were further explored.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study used a combination of survey and video observation approaches and was conducted in Hebei Province from August to October 2020. A cross-sectional survey (n=409) was conducted to measure caregivers\u2019 responsive\/nonresponsive feeding practices using a prevalidated scale (5-point Likert scale). The overall and individual dimension scores were calculated. Multiple linear regression was performed to explore the demographic factors associated with responsive\/nonresponsive feeding practices. Video observation was conducted among 42 caregiver-child pairs to record the dining episodes of main meals for a day at participants\u2019 homes. Videos taken were coded, and the feeding practices were extracted. The occurrence of each feeding practice was calculated. The results from the 2 methods were confirmatory and complementary to each other.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Caregivers adopted responsive feeding more frequently than nonresponsive feeding, with a median overall responsive feeding score of 3.52 (IQR 3.36-3.76) in the survey and a higher occurrence in video observation (responsive vs nonresponsive feeding: 75.6%\u201097.6% vs 0%-46.3%). No significant differences in feeding practices were found across breakfast, lunch, and dinner (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n >.05). Nonparental caregivers (\u03b2=0.13, 95% CI 0.05-0.21) and those with a household monthly income of >5000 RMB (>US $721; \u03b2=0.07, 95% CI 0.01-0.14) had a higher score for overall responsive feeding, while unemployed caregivers (\u03b2=\u22120.07, 95% CI \u22120.13 to \u22120.01) had a lower score.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Caregivers appear to be more likely to use responsive feeding practices than nonresponsive feeding practices. Interventions to promote responsive feeding should target parental, unemployed, and low-income caregivers. The findings of this study might serve as a reference for the comprehensive assessment of responsive feeding practices.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/78028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T12:40:09Z","timestamp":1769344809000},"page":"e78028-e78028","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Responsive Feeding Practices Among Caregivers of Children Aged 6-35 Months in China: Descriptive Study Involving Survey and Video Observation Methods"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1507-5896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2215-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujie","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3102-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meijing","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1298-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8172-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1366-3239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianling","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10064","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31390-3","article-title":"Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development","volume":"389","author":"Britto","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Nurturing care for early childhood development: a framework for helping children survive and thrive to transform health and human potential: executive summary. 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