{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:39:37Z","timestamp":1787909977829,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computer perception (CP) technologies hold significant promise for advancing precision mental health care systems, given their ability to leverage algorithmic analysis of continuous, passive sensing data from wearables and smartphones (eg, behavioral activity, geolocation, vocal features, and ambient environmental data) to infer clinically meaningful behavioral and physiological states. However, successful implementation critically depends on cultivating well-founded stakeholder trust.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate, across adolescents, caregivers, clinicians, and developers, the contingencies under which CP technologies are deemed trustworthy in health care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of adolescents (n=20) diagnosed with autism, Tourette syndrome, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and their caregivers (n=20); practicing clinicians across psychiatry, psychology, and pediatrics (n=20); and CP system developers (n=20). Interview transcripts were coded by 2 independent coders and analyzed using multistage, inductive thematic content analysis to identify prominent themes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across stakeholder groups, 5 core criteria emerged as prerequisites for trust in CP outputs: (1) epistemic alignment\u2014consistency between system outputs, personal experience, and existing diagnostic frameworks; (2) demonstrable rigor\u2014training on representative data and validation in real-world contexts; (3) explainability\u2014transparent communication of input variables, thresholds, and decision logic; (4) sensitivity to complexity\u2014the capacity to accommodate heterogeneity and comorbidity in symptom expression; and (5) a nonsubstitutive role\u2014technologies must augment, rather than supplant, clinical judgment. A novel and cautionary finding was that epistemic alignment\u2014whether outputs affirmed participants\u2019 preexisting beliefs, diagnostic expectations, or internal states\u2014was a dominant factor in determining whether the tool was perceived as trustworthy. Participants also expressed relational trust, placing confidence in CP systems based on endorsements from respected peers, academic institutions, or regulatory agencies. However, both trust strategies raise significant concerns: confirmation bias may lead users to overvalue outputs that align with their assumptions, while surrogate trust may be misapplied in the absence of robust performance validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study advances empirical understanding of how trust is formed and calibrated around artificial intelligence\u2013based CP technologies. While trust is commonly framed as a function of technical performance, our findings show that it is deeply shaped by cognitive heuristics, social relationships, and alignment with entrenched epistemologies. These dynamics can facilitate intuitive verification but may also constrain the transformative potential of CP systems by reinforcing existing beliefs. To address this, we recommend a dual strategy: (1) embedding CP tools within institutional frameworks that uphold rigorous validation, ethical oversight, and transparent design; and (2) providing clinicians with training and interface designs that support critical appraisal and minimize susceptibility to cognitive bias. Recalibrating trust to reflect actual system capacities\u2014rather than familiarity or endorsement\u2014is essential for ethically sound and clinically meaningful integration of CP technologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/78757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T19:40:09Z","timestamp":1762198809000},"page":"e78757","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Stakeholder Criteria for Trust in Artificial Intelligence\u2013Based Computer Perception Tools in Health Care: Qualitative Interview Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4718-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ansh","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0418-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan E","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9720-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Herrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7631-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric A","family":"Storch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7973-8520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey J","family":"Zampella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9633-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Parrish-Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0513-5586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anika","family":"Sonig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1933-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"La\u0301zaro-Mun\u0303oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2510-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Kostick-Quenet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2023-109338"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.43262"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0262"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-023-10146-y"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967392"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)AI risk management frameworkNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)202301012025-04-01https:\/\/nvlpubs.nist.gov\/nistpubs\/ai\/nist.ai.100-1.pdf"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0055-y"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"European CommissionEthics guidelines for trustworthy AI. 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