{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:05:35Z","timestamp":1782846335845,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Anemia is a widespread global health issue. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration measurement remains the most common method for anemia screening and diagnosis. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the development of noninvasive point-of-care technologies that eliminate the need for blood sampling.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This pilot study explores the feasibility of using a noncontact photoplethysmography\u2013based mobile app for Hb monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Adult volunteers aged 18 years and older, of both sexes, were consecutively recruited. Participants were seated and allowed a 2-minute rest before measurements. During testing, they faced a smartphone running comestai.app\n ,<\/jats:italic>\n which used the front-facing camera to capture facial videos. Simultaneous readings were collected for Hb over approximately 90 seconds using the app. Ambient lighting was standardized for all remote photoplethysmography recordings. No medical decisions were made based on the app-generated data. A complete blood count, including Hb levels, was used as a reference for comparison with the data collected using comestai.app.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 555 (female: n=313, 56.4%; male: n=242, 43.6%) individuals participated in the study. The app achieved a mean absolute error of 1.46, a mean absolute percentage error of 11.26, a mean error of \u22120.67, and a root mean square error of 1.88. The Bland-Altman plot evaluated the agreement between the app-based and laboratory-based Hb measurements, with the mean difference between the 2 methods being \u22120.70 g\/dL. The method demonstrated an overall accuracy of 75%. The area under the curve was 0.701 (95% CI 0.655-0.745).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Comestai.app offers an innovative approach to wellness monitoring by providing noninvasive Hb estimation using the smartphone\u2019s front-facing camera. Continued development, including algorithmic refinement and larger-scale validation in diverse populations, will be key to enhancing accuracy and broadening its utility. By leveraging the ubiquity of smartphones, comestai.app contributes meaningfully to the democratization of health monitoring and the promotion of proactive self-care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/78820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T16:50:10Z","timestamp":1758732610000},"page":"e78820-e78820","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Feasibility of a Noncontact Photoplethysmography\u2013Based Mobile App for Noninvasive Hemoglobin Monitoring: Exploratory Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianvincenzo","family":"Zuccotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1378-4798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Agnelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4190-6234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Labati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6634-9254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Cordaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6418-1371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Braghieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1093-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Fiorina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5867-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Bertoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8431-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare Celeste Federico","family":"Berra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6022-2607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Croci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9021-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Malighetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5851-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Losurdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Foppiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9110-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Bucciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6268-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Xodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4134-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Battezzati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8035-3904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"De Pasquale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2137-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Anaemia. World Health Organization. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/anaemia [Accessed 07-06-2025]"},{"issue":"9","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e713","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00160-6","article-title":"Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"10","author":"GBD 2021 Anaemia Collaborators","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e627","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00084-5","article-title":"National, regional, and global estimates of anaemia by severity in women and children for 2000\u201319: a pooled analysis of population-representative data","volume":"10","author":"Stevens","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14003","article-title":"Measurement and interpretation of hemoglobin concentration in clinical and field settings: a narrative review","volume":"1450","author":"Karakochuk","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.53.12.933","article-title":"Clinical use of WHO haemoglobin colour scale: validation and critique","volume":"53","author":"Ingram","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/531670","article-title":"Validation of the WHO Hemoglobin Color Scale method","volume":"2014","author":"Darshana","journal-title":"Anemia"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05329-9","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care devices for detection of anemia in community settings in India","volume":"20","author":"Neogi","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.5.055006","article-title":"Development and validation of a noncontact spectroscopic device for hemoglobin estimation at point-of-care","volume":"22","author":"Sarkar","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"issue":"2","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.3390\/s150204564","article-title":"An instantaneous low-cost point-of-care anemia detection device","volume":"15","author":"Punter-Villagrasa","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2023.2170783","article-title":"Minimally invasive capillary blood sampling methods","volume":"20","author":"Hoffman","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"issue":"5","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2017.1343796","article-title":"Capillary blood for point-of-care testing","volume":"54","author":"Tang","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1039\/d0lc01235a","article-title":"Emerging point-of-care technologies for anemia detection","volume":"21","author":"An","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"9","key":"R13","first-page":"20","volume":"48","author":"Lemburg","journal-title":"MLO Med Lab Obs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05875-y","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care devices for detection of anemia in children in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"184","author":"Panda","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.72945","article-title":"Evaluating the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of EzeCheck for hemoglobin screening across India","volume":"16","author":"Rajagopal","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"8","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.27.8.080901","article-title":"Noninvasive hemoglobin sensing and imaging: optical tools for disease diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"Taylor-Williams","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1427261","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a non-invasive spot-check hemoglobin meter, Masimo Rad-67\u00ae pulse CO-Oximeter\u00ae, in detection of anemia in antenatal care settings in Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Koech","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.31661\/jbpe.v0i0.400","article-title":"Assessment of photoplethysmography method in extraction of hemoglobin concentration","volume":"9","author":"Azarnoosh","journal-title":"J Biomed Phys Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ac41b7","article-title":"Progressive evaluation in spectroscopic sensors for non-invasive blood haemoglobin analysis-a review","volume":"43","author":"Kumar","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"12","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.76369","article-title":"Enhancing anemia detection with non-invasive anemia detection with AI (NiADA): insights from clinical validations and physician observations","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07262-2","article-title":"Smartphone app for non-invasive detection of anemia using only patient-sourced photos","volume":"9","author":"Mannino","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365078","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2024.2365078","article-title":"Non-invasive hemoglobin screening device: a promising digital method for reducing anemia prevalence through routine screening and timely intervention","volume":"29","author":"Das Mahapatra","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41830","article-title":"Non - invasive, smartphone image-based screening for sickle cell disease at the point-of-need","volume":"11","author":"Vital","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2023.109823","article-title":"A dataset of hemoglobin blood value and photoplethysmography signal for machine learning-based non-invasive hemoglobin measurement","volume":"52","author":"Abuzairi","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"issue":"4","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_558_19","article-title":"Digital hemoglobinometers as point-of-care testing devices for hemoglobin estimation: a validation study from India","volume":"45","author":"Yadav","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/65229","article-title":"Vital sign and biochemical data collection using non-contact photoplethysmography and the Comestai mobile health app: protocol for an observational study","volume":"14","author":"Zuccotti","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251351841","article-title":"Accuracy of heart rate, pulse oxygen saturation, and blood pressure using a non-contact photoplethysmography-based mobile application: a potential tool for wellness monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Zuccotti","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frhs.2025.1529094","article-title":"Enhancing anemia diagnostics and accessibility in India: a policy recommendation for effective anemia management","volume":"5","author":"Sriram","journal-title":"Front Health Serv"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.01.023","article-title":"Mobile health technologies for workers\u2019 health and wellbeing: a systematic search of mHealth applications in Brazil","volume":"38","author":"de Faria","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16474","article-title":"Promoting wellness through mobile health technology in a college student population: protocol development and pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Haga","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12160","article-title":"Usability challenges for health and wellness mobile apps: mixed-methods study among mHealth experts and consumers","volume":"7","author":"Liew","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"20","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2424677122","article-title":"Real-world implementation of a noninvasive, AI-augmented, anemia-screening smartphone app and personalization for hemoglobin level self-monitoring","volume":"122","author":"Mannino","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"mHealth: use of appropriate digital technologies for public health. World Health Organization (WHO). URL: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/ebwha\/pdf_files\/WHA71\/A71_20-en.pdf?ua=1 [Accessed 25-05-2025]"},{"issue":"9","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27021","article-title":"Toward a better understanding of the intention to use mHealth apps: exploratory study","volume":"9","author":"Palos-Sanchez","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics11010002","article-title":"Cloud-based platforms for health monitoring: a review","volume":"11","author":"Machorro-Cano","journal-title":"Informatics (MDPI)"},{"issue":"7","key":"R36","first-page":"437","volume":"98","author":"Lanier","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"5","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-07-746446","article-title":"Anemia at older age: etiologies, clinical implications, and management","volume":"131","author":"Stauder","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang EJ Li W Hawkins D Gernsheimer T Norby-Slycord C Patel SN . HemaApp: noninvasive blood screening of hemoglobin using smartphone cameras. In: UbiComp \u201916: Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. Association for Computing Machinery; 593-604. URL: https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2971648.2971653","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971653"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/60455","article-title":"Remote photoplethysmography technology for blood pressure and hemoglobin level assessment in the preoperative assessment setting: algorithm development study","volume":"9","author":"Tan","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14010022","article-title":"A non-invasive hemoglobin detection device based on multispectral photoplethysmography","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","journal-title":"Biosensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-024-10575-x","article-title":"Improving a mirror-based healthcare system for real-time estimation of vital parameters","volume":"27","author":"Casalino","journal-title":"Inf Syst Front"},{"issue":"9868","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","article-title":"Frailty in elderly people","volume":"381","author":"Clegg","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics10020043","article-title":"Anemia in elderly patients: contribution of renal aging and chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Santos","journal-title":"Geriatrics (Basel)"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101047","article-title":"A multidimensional approach to frailty in older people","volume":"60","author":"Pilotto","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"R45","unstructured":"Freeman AM Zubair Z . Anemia screening. In: StatPearls. URL: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29763080\/ [Accessed 25-05-2025]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14275","article-title":"Anemia in pregnant women according to two different assessment criteria (WHO versus CDC)","volume":"159","author":"Dos Santos","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"6","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1619690","article-title":"Prevalence of iron deficiency in first trimester, nonanemic pregnant women","volume":"34","author":"Auerbach","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-022-03450-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of anemia in pregnant women: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Karami","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"5","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad250","article-title":"Anaemia in CKD-treatment standard","volume":"39","author":"Macdougall","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0688-1","article-title":"Renal association clinical practice guideline on anaemia of chronic kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Mikhail","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"13","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14745","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management: a review","volume":"322","author":"Chen","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13503","article-title":"Iron deficiency screening is a key issue in chronic inflammatory diseases: a call to action","volume":"292","author":"Cacoub","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2020.07.035","article-title":"Anaemia of chronic diseases: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"156","author":"de Las Cuevas Allende","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019020213","article-title":"Iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease: updates on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Batchelor","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"45","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7242","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i45.7242","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Cotter","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051695","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia in celiac disease","volume":"13","author":"Talarico","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07474-z","article-title":"Iron deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a prospective multicenter cross-sectional study","volume":"67","author":"Peyrin-Biroulet","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-022-00840-2","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 experiences of blood sample collection from children: a qualitative study from Swedish paediatric hospital care","volume":"21","author":"Hjelmgren","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13818","article-title":"The fear of needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"McLenon","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/0894318419845391","article-title":"Children\u2019s pain, fear, and anxiety during invasive procedures","volume":"32","author":"\u00c7elikol","journal-title":"Nurs Sci Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2024-0433","article-title":"Classification of anemic condition based on photoplethysmography signals and clinical dataset","volume":"70","author":"Saleh","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Biomed Tech"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e78820","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:11:35Z","timestamp":1782843095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e78820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/78820","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"article-number":"v10i9e78820"}}