{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:13:12Z","timestamp":1790946792373,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n As the global population continues to age, the prevalence of geriatric conditions, including dementia and frailty, is also increasing. Early identification of individuals at an elevated risk of these conditions, such as those presenting with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or prefrailty, can provide a critical window for prompt intervention aimed at preventing or reversing disease progression. To promote such early identification, there is a burgeoning interest in the use of digital sensor technology and predictive modeling.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to use a continuous, home-based monitoring sensor system for older adults to distinguish those exhibiting normal aging from those with MCI, early dementia, prefrailty, or frailty, and to predict their transition from normal aging to one of these conditions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This longitudinal cohort study will recruit 200 community-dwelling adults aged \u226565 years with normal cognition or MCI at baseline. A multi-sensor system will be installed in participants\u2019 homes, including passive infrared motion sensors, door contact sensors, bed sensors, medication box sensors, wearable activity bands, and Bluetooth proximity beacons. These devices will continuously capture spatiotemporal activity patterns, mobility indicators, sleep behaviors, and medication-taking routines. Annual assessments will include standardized cognitive tests (eg, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini-Mental State Examination, Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, digit span, Color Trails Test, semantic fluency, Stroop), frailty measures (modified Fried phenotype, gait speed, grip strength), mental health scales, sleep quality, and psychosocial indicators. Sensor-derived features\u2014such as gait variability, activity regularity, sleep fragmentation, and medication adherence patterns\u2014will be integrated with clinical data to develop supervised machine learning models. Planned approaches include logistic regression, random forests, gradient boosting, and deep learning. Model performance will be evaluated using cross-validation and independent test sets. Primary metrics will include area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, and\n F<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n -score. Models will be benchmarked against gold-standard clinical diagnoses and validated using temporal subsets of the dataset.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Enrollment for this study started in November 2019 and will continue until March 2030. As of June 2025, we have enrolled 138 participants. Full data analysis has yet to begin.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n We aim to develop a reliable and effective sensor system for in-home use that will facilitate the early detection of cognitive and physical decline. In so doing, it will add to our current understanding of digital biomarkers. It is common for older adults to seek clinical intervention only when their cognitive impairment has already reached an advanced stage. The implementation of readily deployable sensor systems within community settings presents us with opportunities for prompt intervention, which holds the potential for delaying or reversing disease progression and allowing for a greater number of functional and meaningful years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/79490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T19:48:36Z","timestamp":1775072916000},"page":"e79490-e79490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development and Validation of Machine Learning Models for Predicting Early Cognitive Decline Using Home Sensor\u2013Derived Behavioral Data: Sensors in-Home for Elder Wellbeing (SINEW) Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9459-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Patrick","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9620-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Abdul Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9012-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony Chin Ian","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9330-8172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-7163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rathi","family":"Mahendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9585-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tze Pin","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shian Ming","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4590-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilbur Zhi Hao","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6546-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weng Yan","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0378-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ah-Hwee","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0788-422X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tih-Shih","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8214-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Rawtaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"World population prospects 2024. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) Population Division. 2019. URL: https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Download\/Standard\/Population [Accessed 23-09-2024]"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.104112","article-title":"Prevalence of cognitive frailty among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Qiu","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"8","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.8398","article-title":"Global incidence of frailty and prefrailty among community-dwelling older adults","volume":"2","author":"Ofori-Asenso","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.09.015","article-title":"Cognitive frailty and adverse health outcomes: findings from the Singapore longitudinal ageing studies (SLAS)","volume":"18","author":"Feng","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Collard","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260802095099","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: believe it or not?","volume":"20","author":"Allegri","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900016151","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Petersen","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"8","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006042","article-title":"Author response: practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American academy of neurology","volume":"91","author":"Petersen","journal-title":"Neurology (ECronicon)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.09.008","article-title":"The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its etiological subtypes in elderly Chinese","volume":"10","author":"Jia","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"11","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142388","article-title":"The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in diverse geographical and ethnocultural regions: the COSMIC collaboration","volume":"10","author":"Sachdev","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.077958","article-title":"Predicting outcome in mild cognitive impairment: 4-year follow-up study","volume":"197","author":"Lonie","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000354370","article-title":"Rate of conversion from prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s disease to Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Ward","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra"},{"issue":"1","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V48N1p25","volume":"48","author":"Lim","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"2","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-019-0277-1","article-title":"Update on interventions to prevent or reduce frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review and community translation","volume":"8","author":"Liu","journal-title":"Curr Geri Rep"},{"issue":"678","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X700241","article-title":"Delaying and reversing frailty: a systematic review of primary care interventions","volume":"69","author":"Travers","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0480-5","article-title":"Reversible predictors of reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: a 4-year longitudinal study","volume":"11","author":"Shimada","journal-title":"Alz Res Therapy"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00471","article-title":"A multi-domain intervention protocol for the potential reversal of cognitive frailty: \u201cWE-RISE\u201d randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Murukesu","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"9984","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5","article-title":"A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Ngandu","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.21442","article-title":"Effect of intensive vs standard blood pressure control on probable dementia","volume":"321","author":"Williamson","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e212","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006784","article-title":"Lifestyle and neurocognition in older adults with cognitive impairments","volume":"92","author":"Blumenthal","journal-title":"Neurology (ECronicon)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16252","article-title":"Longer term effects of diet and exercise on neurocognition: 1-year follow-up of the ENLIGHTEN trial","volume":"68","author":"Blumenthal","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15363","article-title":"Longitudinal relationship between hearing aid use and cognitive function in older Americans","volume":"66","author":"Maharani","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12122","article-title":"Association of the use of hearing aids with the conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia and progression of dementia: a longitudinal retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Bucholc","journal-title":"A&D Transl Res & Clin Interv"},{"issue":"2","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2020.51","article-title":"Intrinsic capacitiy monitoring by digital biomarkers in integrated care for older people (ICOPE)","volume":"10","author":"Piau","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen20X101019","article-title":"Identification and management of frailty in English primary care: a qualitative study of national policy","volume":"4","author":"Alharbi","journal-title":"BJGP Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16854","article-title":"Early detection of mild cognitive impairment with in-home sensors to monitor behavior patterns in community-dwelling senior citizens in Singapore: cross-sectional feasibility study","volume":"22","author":"Rawtaer","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/TPSY.TPSY_2_19","article-title":"Mental health care in Singapore: current and future challenges","volume":"33","author":"Kua","journal-title":"Taiwan J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181a6bebc","article-title":"Missed and delayed diagnosis of dementia in primary care: prevalence and contributing factors","volume":"23","author":"Bradford","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12785","article-title":"Current state of digital biomarker technologies for real-life, home-based monitoring of cognitive function for mild cognitive impairment to mild Alzheimer disease and implications for clinical care: systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Piau","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2013.03.007","article-title":"Framing the evidence for health smart homes and home-based consumer health technologies as a public health intervention for independent aging: a systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Reeder","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.11.003","article-title":"Physical activity monitoring by use of accelerometer-based body-worn sensors in older adults: a systematic literature review of current knowledge and applications","volume":"71","author":"Taraldsen","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/44352","article-title":"Using digital technology to quantify habitual physical activity in community dwellers with cognitive impairment: systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Mc Ardle","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42084","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42084","article-title":"Cognitive impairment categorized in community-dwelling older adults with and without dementia using in-home sensors that recognise activities of daily living","volume":"7","author":"Urwyler","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen R Jankovic F Marinsek N et al. Developing measures of cognitive impairment in the real world from consumer-grade multimodal sensor streams. Presented at: Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining; Aug 4-8, 2019; Anchorage AK USA. Jul 25, 2019.[doi: 10.1145\/3292500.3330690] [Medline: 40198015]","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330690"},{"issue":"6","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2008.07.004","article-title":"Unobtrusive assessment of activity patterns associated with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"4","author":"Hayes","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"24","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318259e1de","article-title":"In-home walking speeds and variability trajectories associated with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"78","author":"Dodge","journal-title":"Neurology (ECronicon)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000439","article-title":"Subtle changes in medication-taking are associated with incident mild cognitive impairment","volume":"35","author":"Dorociak","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3185798","article-title":"Predictive accuracy of digital biomarker technologies for detection of mild cognitive impairment and pre-frailty amongst older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Teh","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"R39","unstructured":"Machin D Campbell MJ Tan SB Tan SH . Sample Size Tables for Clinical Studies. John Wiley & Sons; 2011. ISBN: 1444357964"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210532","article-title":"Instrumental activities of daily living scales to detect cognitive impairment and dementia in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"83","author":"Yemm","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.7.726","article-title":"Physical and cognitive domains of the instrumental activities of daily living: validation in a multiethnic population of Asian older adults","volume":"61","author":"Ng","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2021507","article-title":"Functional improvement after inpatient rehabilitation in community hospitals following acute hospital care","volume":"51","author":"Htun","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"12","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.1971","article-title":"Assessment of the validity and internal consistency of a performance evaluation tool based on the Japanese version of the modified barthel index for elderly people living at home","volume":"26","author":"Ohura","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288809164103","article-title":"The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study","volume":"10","author":"Collin","journal-title":"Int Disabil Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.07.021","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of Montreal cognitive assessment in the fifth edition of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: major and mild neurocognitive disorders","volume":"16","author":"Liew","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000235710.17450.9a","article-title":"Ethnic and educational differences in cognitive test performance on mini-mental state examination in Asians","volume":"15","author":"Ng","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"R47","first-page":"458","volume":"53","author":"Feng","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1159\/000355122","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the clinical dementia rating for community-living elderly subjects without an informant","volume":"3","author":"Nyunt","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra"},{"issue":"6","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061189","article-title":"Curcumin-rich curry consumption and neurocognitive function from 4.5-year follow-up of community-dwelling older adults (Singapore longitudinal ageing study)","volume":"14","author":"Ng","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2018.1481067","article-title":"Short-term delayed recall of auditory verbal learning test provides equivalent value to long-term delayed recall in predicting MCI clinical outcomes: a longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"27","author":"Xu","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"issue":"6","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acz035.05","article-title":"Digit span forward as a performance validity test in dementia evaluations: specificity in mild cognitive impairment, mild dementia, and moderate dementia","volume":"34","author":"Clark","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100351","article-title":"An Iranian normative sample of the color trails test","volume":"8","author":"Tavakoli","journal-title":"Psychol Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035003","article-title":"CHI study: protocol for an observational cohort study on ageing and mental health in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"10","author":"Lee","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0408","article-title":"Normative study of the block design test for adults aged 55 years and older in Korean aging population","volume":"18","author":"Joung","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108337","article-title":"Semantic processing and neurobiology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"174","author":"Almeida","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"R56","first-page":"167","volume":"14","author":"Tombaugh","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strauss C Sherman EMS Spreen O . A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary. Taylor & Francis; 2006. [doi: 10.1080\/09084280701280502]","DOI":"10.1080\/09084280701280502"},{"issue":"4","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.019","article-title":"The cognitive and neural expression of semantic memory impairment in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"48","author":"Joubert","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200101)16:1<18::aid-gps265>3.0.co;2-w","article-title":"The role of tests of frontal executive function in the detection of mild dementia","volume":"16","author":"Nathan","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000160","article-title":"The common objects memory test (COMT): a simple test with cross-cultural applicability","volume":"16","author":"Kempler","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"S10","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.052679","article-title":"Asian cohort for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (ACAD) data collection: rationale, design and validation","volume":"17","author":"Chow","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"3","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12201","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions with art, music, Tai Chi and mindfulness for subsyndromal depression and anxiety in older adults: a naturalistic study in Singapore","volume":"7","author":"Rawtaer","journal-title":"Asia Pac Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/02813432.2019.1639923","article-title":"Validation of the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS) in older adults","volume":"37","author":"Jokelainen","journal-title":"Scand J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.104002","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of various forms of geriatric depression scale for screening of depression among older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Krishnamoorthy","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.1802","article-title":"Validity of the generalized anxiety disorder\u20107 scale in an acute psychiatric sample","volume":"20","author":"Kertz","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"10","key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.01.076","article-title":"Assessing generalized anxiety disorder in elderly people using the GAD-7 and GAD-2 scales: results of a validation study","volume":"22","author":"Wild","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318160d093","article-title":"Validation and standardization of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population","volume":"46","author":"L\u00f6we","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001355","article-title":"Objective measures of physical performance associated with depression and\/or anxiety in midlife Singaporean women","volume":"26","author":"Ganasarajah","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"5","key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2023195","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of depression and anxiety in primary care","volume":"53","author":"Chua","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"6","key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1017\/S146342361800018X","article-title":"Determinants of poor sleep quality in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and hypertension in Singapore","volume":"19","author":"Chiang","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr172","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index and the Epworth sleepiness scale in older men","volume":"67","author":"Spira","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004767","article-title":"Apathy is associated with incident dementia in community-dwelling older people","volume":"90","author":"van Dalen","journal-title":"Neurology (ECronicon)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0279-8","article-title":"Perceived social isolation in a community sample: its prevalence and correlates with aspects of peoples\u2019 lives","volume":"43","author":"Hawthorne","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-005-7746-y","article-title":"Measuring social isolation in older adults: development and initial validation of the friendship scale","volume":"77","author":"Hawthorne","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5527","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13977","article-title":"Validation of the abbreviated Lubben social network scale (LSNS\u20106) and its association with self\u2010rated health amongst older adults in Puerto Rico","volume":"30","author":"Buckley","journal-title":"Health Social Care Comm"},{"issue":"9","key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02493-7","article-title":"Factors associated with social isolation in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"Merchant","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90040-v","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale","volume":"38","author":"Marin","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.12.007","article-title":"Apathy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Nobis","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Chen","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.7.5.571","article-title":"The physical activity vital sign: a primary care tool to guide counseling for obesity","volume":"7","author":"Greenwood","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-64","article-title":"Measures of frailty in population-based studies: an overview","volume":"13","author":"Bouillon","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2022.28","article-title":"Association of intrinsic capacity with frailty, physical fitness and adverse health outcomes in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"12","author":"Tay","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V48N6p171","article-title":"Multidomain geriatric screen and physical fitness assessment identify prefrailty\/frailty and potentially modifiable risk factors in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"48","author":"Tay","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"1","key":"R86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000477169","article-title":"Attitudes to ageing and change in frailty status: the English longitudinal study of ageing","volume":"64","author":"Gale","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01801-7","article-title":"A scoping review of the clinical frailty scale","volume":"20","author":"Church","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","article-title":"A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people","volume":"173","author":"Rockwood","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"R89","unstructured":"National frailty strategy policy report. Ministry of Health Singapore. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sg\/resources-statistics\/reports\/frailty-strategy-policy-report [Accessed 21-10-2024]"},{"issue":"7","key":"R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.04.011","article-title":"Frailty and risk of adverse outcomes in hospitalized older adults: a comparison of different frailty measures","volume":"18","author":"Chong","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab006","article-title":"A classification tree to assist with routine scoring of the clinical frailty scale","volume":"50","author":"Theou","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14869","article-title":"Intrinsic capacity assessment using World Health Organization g older adults.","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"R93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(96)00822-6","article-title":"EuroQol: the current state of play","volume":"37","author":"Brooks","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"11","key":"R94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1928-y","article-title":"The quality of life in Chinese population with chronic non-communicable diseases according to EQ-5D-3L: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"R95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-014-0181-5","article-title":"The validity of the EQ-5D-3L items: an investigation with type 2 diabetes patients from six European countries","volume":"12","author":"Konerding","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"R96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0399-x","article-title":"Validity and reliability of EQ-5D-3L for breast cancer patients in Korea","volume":"13","author":"Kim","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"7","key":"R97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.08.710","article-title":"Comparison of caregiver-rated 3-level Euroqol-5D (EQ-5D-3L) and health utilities index mark 3 (HUI3) in patients with dementia in Singapore","volume":"19","author":"Wang","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200806","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older people with cognitive impairment: EQ-5D-3L measurement properties","volume":"77","author":"P\u00e9rez-Ros","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"R99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0214-7","article-title":"Validation of the t short-form (MNA\u00ae-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status.","volume":"13","author":"Kaiser","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"R100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1005-9","article-title":"Nutritional status and frailty in community-dwelling older Korean adults: the Korean frailty and aging cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Kim","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"R101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S196770","article-title":"Mini nutritional assessment scale-short form can be useful for frailty screening in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Soysal","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"R102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M366","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.6.m366","article-title":"Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF)","volume":"56","author":"Rubenstein","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"R103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0650","article-title":"Association of frailty and malnutrition with long-term functional and mortality outcomes among community-dwelling older adults: results from the Singapore longitudinal aging study 1","volume":"1","author":"Wei","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"R104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1096-3","article-title":"Nutritional and frailty state transitions in the Singapore longitudinal aging study","volume":"22","author":"Wei","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"R105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3345","article-title":"Predictive ability of the mini nutritional assessment short form (MNA-SF) in a free-living elderly population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Montejano Lozoya","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"R106","first-page":"29","volume":"13","author":"Suzana","journal-title":"Malays J Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"R107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2014.08.008","article-title":"Unconditional and conditional standards using cognitive function curves for the modified mini-mental state exam: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in older chinese adults in Singapore","volume":"23","author":"Cheung","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"R108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01380.x","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment--beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the international working group on mild cognitive impairment","volume":"256","author":"Winblad","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124101029003005","article-title":"A SAS Procedure Based on Mixture Models for Estimating Developmental Trajectories","volume":"29","author":"Jones","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"R110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.08.020","article-title":"Self-organizing neural networks for universal learning and multimodal memory encoding","volume":"120","author":"Tan","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"8","key":"R111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","journal-title":"Neural Comput"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e79490","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:12:33Z","timestamp":1782843153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e79490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":111,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/79490","relation":{},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"article-number":"v15i8e79490"}}