{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:06:46Z","timestamp":1782846406966,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Hum Factors"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Concurrent mixed mode designs for data collection may introduce mode-specific biases. This study investigated mode effects between computer-assisted website interviewing (CAWI) and computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) in the concurrent mixed mode study CoVerlauf.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This secondary analysis of previously published results explored associations between the choice of interview mode and socioeconomic characteristics, the number of reported post-COVID-19 symptoms, and response patterns in symptoms collected via multiple-choice (MC) and free-text items.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Associations were calculated using multiple logistic regression analyses, mixed effects logistic regression analyses, and gamma generalized linear models. Selection and measurement effects in symptom counts were analyzed with the back-door method.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Among 1779 participants, 77.8% (1384\/1779) chose CAWI, and 22.2% (395\/1779) chose CATI. Odds of selecting CATI were lower with a higher education (odds ratio [OR] 0.46, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.63), for those represented by another person (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.56), and with each additional symptom experienced at the time of the interview collected from MC (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.96). Compared with those aged 50 years to 59 years, the odds increased with age (60\u201069 years: OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.53 to 3.36; 70\u201079 years: OR 4.98, 95% CI 3.12 to 7.97; \u226580 years: OR 17.29, 95% CI 9.34 to 33.11) and each additional symptom experienced at infection collected via MC (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.15) and free-text items (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.61 to 2.37). Odds of responding to free-text items were higher with CATI (OR 5.22, 95% CI 4.25 to 6.42), for women (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.89), for those with \u22653 pre-existing conditions (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.96), with missing information on educational attainment (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.42), and for each additional MC symptom (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.19). Odds of collecting additional symptoms from free-text items were lower with CATI (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.82) but increased with each additional MC symptom (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14), \u22652 pre-existing conditions (2: OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.00; \u22653: OR 2.0 95% CI 1.18 to 3.43), and ages 40 years to 49 years (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.55). Selection effects were found for the number of symptoms at infection collected via MC (difference \u20130.63, 95% CI \u20130.95 to \u20130.31) as were measurement effects for symptoms collected via MC at infection (difference 0.97, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.5), via free text at infection (difference 0.40, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.52), and via free text at the time of the interview (difference 0.15, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.25).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our results suggest that interviews via CATI resulted in higher numbers of reported symptoms collected via MC and free text and that both selection and measurement effects contributed to this increase. However, no evidence was found that the interview mode affected the overall findings of the CoVerlauf study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/80631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T01:38:17Z","timestamp":1773279497000},"page":"e80631-e80631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mode Effects Between Telephone and Web Interviews in the Post-COVID-19 Questionnaire Survey CoVerlauf: Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0030-8497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Sofia","family":"Herrera-Espejel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9575-1119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermann","family":"Pohlabeln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7103-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"K\u00fchne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5241-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Rach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2018.06.015","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s just more personal\u201d: using multiple methods of qualitative data collection to facilitate participation in research focusing on sensitive subjects","volume":"43","author":"Heath","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1515\/slgr-2015-0046","article-title":"The computer-assisted web interview method as used in the National Study of ICT Use in Primary Healthcare in Poland \u2013 reflections on a case study","volume":"43","author":"Sowa","journal-title":"Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric"},{"issue":"4","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1332\/175795921X16494126913909","article-title":"Data quality and response distributions in a mixed-mode survey","volume":"13","author":"Ofstedal","journal-title":"Longit Life Course Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12840","article-title":"Switching from telephone to web-first mixed-mode data collection: results from the transition into adulthood supplement to the US panel study of income dynamics","volume":"185","author":"Sastry","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26299","article-title":"Unit response and costs in web versus face-to-face data collection: comparison of two cross-sectional health surveys","volume":"24","author":"Braekman","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"29","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0021-2","article-title":"Improving participation rates by providing choice of participation mode: two randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Heijmans","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2013.07.005","article-title":"Disentangling mode-specific selection and measurement bias in social surveys","volume":"42","author":"Schouten","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/56218","article-title":"Lessons learned from a sequential mixed-mode survey design to recruit and collect data from case-control study participants: formative evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Tran","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeuw ED Suzer-Gurtekin ZT Hox JJ . The design and implementation of mixed-mode surveys. In: Advances in Comparative Survey Methods. 385-408. [doi: 10.1002\/9781118884997]","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118884997"},{"issue":"5","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfr046","article-title":"The future of modes of data collection","volume":"75","author":"Couper","journal-title":"Public Opin Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11614-023-00532-4","article-title":"F\u00fchren Online-Befragungen zu anderen Ergebnissen als pers\u00f6nliche Interviews? Eine Sch\u00e4tzung von Moduseffekten am Beispiel eines Mixed-Mode Surveys","volume":"49","author":"Liedl","journal-title":"\u00d6sterreich Z Soziol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5184","article-title":"A comparison of web and telephone responses from a national HIV and AIDS survey","volume":"2","author":"Jones","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"2","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.18148\/srm\/2022.v16i2.7771","article-title":"The role of the interviewer in producing mode effects: results from a mixed modes experiment comparing face-to-face, telephone and web administration","volume":"16","author":"Hope","journal-title":"Surv Res Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.5.859","article-title":"Sensitive questions in surveys","volume":"133","author":"Tourangeau","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1B","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/48.1b.356","article-title":"Computer assisted telephone interviewing: effects on interviewers and respondents","volume":"48","author":"Groves","journal-title":"Public Opin Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1086\/268979","article-title":"Measuring and explaining interviewer effects in centralized telephone surveys","volume":"50","author":"Groves","journal-title":"Public Opin Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1177\/08944393211056229","article-title":"Item nonresponse in web versus other survey modes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"\u010cehovin","journal-title":"Soc Sci Comput Rev"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1379290","article-title":"Understanding the use of CATI and web-based data collection methods during the pandemic among digitally challenged groups at FQHCs: data from the Research Program","volume":"6","author":"Kini","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29115\/SP-2023-0012","article-title":"Demographic and measurement differences between text-to-web and phone survey respondents","volume":"16","author":"Soszynski","journal-title":"Surv Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-089X(78)90013-3","article-title":"On the mode of administering a questionnaire and responses to open-ended items","volume":"7","author":"Groves","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1026103511161","article-title":"The effect of different methods of collecting data: mail, telephone and filter data collection issues in utility measurement","volume":"12","author":"Hawthorne","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"R22","unstructured":"de Bruijne M Kalwij A . Switching survey mode between CAPI and CAWI: a report from the field about the SHARE working paper series switching survey mode between CAPI and CAWI: a report from the field. Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe; 2024. [doi: 10.17617\/wp.932024]"},{"key":"R23","unstructured":"Nicolaas G Campanelli P Hope S Lynn P . Is it a good idea to optimise question format for mode of data collection? Results from a mixed modes experiment. EconStor. Institute for Social & Economic Research University of Essex; 2011. URL: https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/65965\/1\/680218742.pdf [Accessed 05-02-2026]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mental.8222","article-title":"Comparison of self-reported telephone interviewing and web-based survey responses: findings from the second Australian Young and Well National Survey","volume":"4","author":"Milton","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01867-8","article-title":"The effects of survey mode on self-reported psychological functioning: measurement invariance and latent mean comparison across face-to-face and web modes","volume":"55","author":"Zager Kocjan","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jssam\/smw021","article-title":"Estimation of mode effects in the health and retirement study using measurement models","volume":"4","author":"Cernat","journal-title":"J Surv Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2226907","article-title":"Mild COVID-19 infection associated with post-COVID-19 condition after 3 months - a questionnaire survey","volume":"55","author":"Rach","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/jssam\/smae016","article-title":"Sequential and concurrent mixed-mode designs: a tailored approach","volume":"12","author":"Asimov","journal-title":"J Surv Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","article-title":"mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"2","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.12758\/mda.2016.011","article-title":"Assessing the use of mode preference as a covariate for the estimation of measurement effects between modes. A sequential mixed mode experiment","volume":"10","author":"Vandenplas","journal-title":"Methods, data, analyses"},{"issue":"1","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/jos-2014-0001","article-title":"Evaluating mode effects in mixed-mode survey data using covariate adjustment models","volume":"30","author":"Vannieuwenhuyze","journal-title":"J Off Stat"},{"key":"R32","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2013. URL: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ [Accessed 05-02-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"R34","unstructured":"Greifer N . WeightIt: weighting for covariate balance in observational studies. R Project. 2025. URL: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=WeightIt [Accessed 05-02-2026]"},{"key":"R35","unstructured":"Saul B . smd: Compute Standardized Mean Differences. R project; 2025. URL: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=smd [Accessed 05-02-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/jos-2023-0001","article-title":"Characteristics of respondents to web-based or traditional interviews in mixed-mode surveys. Evidence from the Italian permanent population census","volume":"39","author":"Grimaccia","journal-title":"J Off Stat"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2007.00747.x","article-title":"Telephone and web: mixed-mode challenge","volume":"43","author":"Greene","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-014-0144-2","article-title":"Quantitative conversations: the importance of developing rapport in standardised interviewing","volume":"50","author":"Bell","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"issue":"4","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1086\/297818","article-title":"Does conversational interviewing reduce survey measurement error?","volume":"61","author":"Schober","journal-title":"Public Opin Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.18148\/srm\/2020.v14i1.7450","article-title":"The impact of mixed modes on multiple types of measurement error","volume":"14","author":"Cernat","journal-title":"Survey Research Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/jssam\/smac028","article-title":"Estimating web survey mode and panel effects in a nationwide survey of alcohol use","volume":"11","author":"ZuWallack","journal-title":"J Surv Stat Methodol"}],"container-title":["JMIR Human Factors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e80631","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:14:12Z","timestamp":1782843252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e80631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/80631","relation":{},"ISSN":["2292-9495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2292-9495","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"article-number":"v13i1e80631"}}