{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:20:08Z","timestamp":1783617608945,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Argentina, diabetes is a growing public health concern, with a prevalence of 14% in 2024 and projections reaching 15.4% by 2050. In this context, a Diabetes Prevention and Care Program was implemented in low-income areas across 3 provinces. A key component of the program was a WhatsApp (WhatsApp LLC)-based intervention aimed at promoting self-care, encouraging healthy behaviors, and supporting follow-up among people with diabetes, those at risk, and pregnant women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to describe the implementation and process evaluation of a WhatsApp-based intervention within Argentina\u2019s public health system, using the Carroll Implementation Fidelity Framework, focusing on challenges encountered, implementation strategies used, and lessons learned across the 3 target populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention was implemented in 40 primary care centers. The population included adults residing in the catchment areas of the selected primary care centers. Participants included adults with type 2 diabetes, people at moderate or high risk based on the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score, and pregnant women. A set of 192 educational and reminder messages was developed and validated through expert input and community feedback. Messages were tailored to each target population and delivered through WhatsApp via Twilio (Twilio Inc) Business API (application programming interface). We assessed implementation fidelity focusing on adherence to the intervention, participant responsiveness, quality of delivery, and contextual barriers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 11,029 participants were enrolled in this study, of whom 9983 (90.5%) had a valid mobile phone number registered in the system. Among these, 32.8% (3276\/9983) had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, 53.3% (5320\/9983) were identified as being at moderate or high risk based on the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire, and 13.9% (1387\/9983) were pregnant women. Overall, 67.3% (n=5749) opted in to receive messages, with the highest acceptance among those with diabetes (n=2169, 74.3%) and the lowest among at-risk people (n=2935, 62.1%). Message adherence was high: 88.7% (n=5004) of participants received at least the minimum number of educational messages expected, and the mean proportion of messages read per participant was 82.2% (SD 29.8). The dropout rate was low (6.1%) but higher among pregnant participants (14.6%). Message delivery issues mostly included problems with WhatsApp on the mobile phones of participants. Technical challenges, including server overload, were addressed during implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The WhatsApp-based intervention was feasible and well-received in public primary care settings in Argentina, particularly among people with diabetes. The experience illustrates how a WhatsApp-based intervention can be leveraged to strengthen service delivery in low-resource contexts, while also highlighting the need for further work on integration with electronic health records, tailoring of content to population needs, and strategies to enhance digital inclusion for underserved populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/81098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T19:25:06Z","timestamp":1759346706000},"page":"e81098","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["WhatsApp-Based Intervention for Diabetes Prevention and Care in Argentina: Implementation and Process Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2790-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Analia","family":"Nejamis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9423-4320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2221-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Victoria","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4291-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro Daniel","family":"Ciganda Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2693-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omayra","family":"Mendoza Quispe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6100-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilma","family":"Irazola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6397-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Beratarrechea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Diabetes Atlas. 11th editionInternational Diabetes Federation2025-10-11https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"4\u00b0 Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo: Resultados definitivos20192025-10-10ArgentinaInstituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INDEC), Secretar\u00eda de Gobierno de Salud de la Naci\u00f3nhttps:\/\/www.indec.gob.ar\/ftp\/cuadros\/publicaciones\/enfr_2018_resultados_definitivos.pdf"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2020.1800012"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Censo Nacional de Poblaci\u00f3n, Hogares y Viviendas 2022. S\u00edntesis de resultados. 1a ed20252025-10-10ArgentinaInstituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INDEC)https:\/\/www.indec.gob.ar\/ftp\/cuadros\/poblacion\/sintesis_resultados_censo2022.pdf"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-017-1016-8"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12230"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09082-7"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20935\/acadmed7742"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26350106211072203"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30239-5"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24527"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1823"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-024-01568-w"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Acceso y uso de tecnolog\u00edas de la informaci\u00f3n y la comunicaci\u00f3nEPH. Cuarto trimestre de 202120222025-10-10ArgentinaInstituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INDEC)https:\/\/www.indec.gob.ar\/uploads\/informesdeprensa\/mautic_05_22843D61C141.pdf"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Tecnolog\u00edas digitales para un nuevo futuro2025-10-11VitacuraComisi\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mica para Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL)https:\/\/edigital.economia.gob.sv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Tecnologias-digitales-para-un-nuevo-futuro-CEPAL.pdf"},{"key":"ref16","author":"Newman, N","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Incidencia de La Pobreza e Indigencia En 31 Aglomerados UrbanosSegundo Semestre de 2024. Ministerio de Econom\u00eda de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina20242025-10-10ArgentinaInstituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INDEC)https:\/\/www.indec.gob.ar\/uploads\/informesdeprensa\/eph_pobreza_03_252282AE14D2.pdf"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2025.2532017"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-2-40"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.725"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.51.3.390"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10350"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.3874"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2015.322.1611"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X15617885"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0662-6"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-019-00845-z"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.03.003"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27263"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2022.503"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth-19-249"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/71349"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7892-9"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/45561"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17794"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181bf5588"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-016-0445-1"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy177"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081860"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02172-w"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303074"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968231162601"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231198702"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0452-2"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e81098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:14:47Z","timestamp":1782843287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e81098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":46,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/81098","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.81098","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}