{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:07:25Z","timestamp":1782846445489,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Diabetic foot complications are among the most severe and costly outcomes associated with diabetes, with high prevalence particularly in the Middle East and North Africa region. Current screening tools are often limited by subjectivity, invasiveness, or scalability challenges, underscoring the need for innovative approaches.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This multicenter study aimed to evaluate the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI)\u2013powered thermographic system, Thermal Foot Scan (TFScan), in identifying patients at elevated risk of diabetic foot complications through noninvasive temperature profiling.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A multicenter cross-sectional analysis of deidentified routine screening data across 4 regions in Saudi Arabia was conducted enrolling 1120 individuals with diabetes. Participants underwent thermal imaging using a smartphone-compatible infrared camera with AI algorithms analyzing angiosomal temperature patterns and asymmetries. Risk was stratified into 4 categories (very low, low, moderate, and high). Associations between TFScan classifications and clinical risk factors, symptoms of neuropathy, and thermal abnormalities were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n While 90.7% (1016\/1120) of the participants were classified as very low or low risk, 9.3% (104\/1120) were identified as moderate or high risk. This higher-risk group exhibited significantly greater prevalence of key diabetic complications (P<.001). Peripheral artery disease was present in 20.2% (21\/104) of moderate- and high-risk participants compared to just 0.8% (8\/1016) of lower-risk individuals. Cardiovascular disease (60\/104, 57.7% vs 313\/1016, 30.8%), neuropathy (12\/104, 11.5% vs 37\/1016, 3.6%), foot deformities (15\/104, 14.4% vs 6\/1016, 0.6%), and symptoms of loss of protective sensation (53\/104, 51% vs 354\/1016, 34.8%) were all significantly more frequent in the high-risk subgroup than in the low-risk group, respectively. Thermal imaging further revealed pronounced abnormalities: temperature asymmetries of \u22652.2 \u00b0C were observed in 7.1% (79\/1120) of the patients overall, with the highest asymmetry and thermal change index scores concentrated in the moderate- and high-risk groups. These individuals also exhibited greater deviations in angiosomal temperature differences\u2014exceeding 2.2 \u00b0C in key vascular territories such as the medial plantar and lateral plantar arteries\u2014suggesting both early inflammatory states and critical perfusion deficits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The TFScan system effectively stratified patients with diabetes into clinically meaningful risk categories, with moderate- and high-risk groups exhibiting a significantly higher burden of vascular, neuropathic, and thermal abnormalities. However, the cross-sectional design, partial reliance on self-report, and low prevalence of advanced complications may limit causal inference. These findings highlight the potential of AI-enhanced thermography to serve as a scalable, objective screening tool for proactive diabetic foot management. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to validate its predictive power and support widespread clinical adoption.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/81289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:10:07Z","timestamp":1761747007000},"page":"e81289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["AI-Powered Thermography for Diabetic Foot Risk Stratification: Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5052-5911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meshari F","family":"Alwashmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5488-2575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"alghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3119-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waseem","family":"Abu-Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9893-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Mohammed","family":"Arabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0269-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al Soheimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2826-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasibh Abdulrahman","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5620-2347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hani Mohammed","family":"Badahdah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110945"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-020-00383-2"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1615439"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296819871270"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8787261"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680710000103"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-020-00389-w"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.06.002"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11200"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i7.153"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003281764","author":"Campbell, JS","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Medical Thermography"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"SerbuGInfrared imaging of the diabetic footProceedings of the 10th Conference on 2009 InfraMation2009InfraMation 2009October 19-22, 2009Las Vegas, NV"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2012.03.007"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"e2021002","volume":"8","author":"Schwartz, RG","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Am J Med Thermol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.01.032"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"IloAInfrared thermography in vascular disorders - screening and follow-upUniversity of Oulu20202025-11-13https:\/\/www.oulu.fi\/en\/theses\/infrared-thermography-vascular-disorders-screening-and-follow"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2010.12.003"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/amsad\/150716"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3429"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2951356"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccsp.2018.8524310"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681000400613"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681000400406"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2000625x.2017.1361298"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7445519"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296818768618"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/65209"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12110985"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.924546"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/585306"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061762"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103616"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104838"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1067-2516(96)80083-4"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-6-31"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681300700504"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19387-8_55"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-017-0408-x"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3657"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000415343.45178.91"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2022.01050"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Guidelines for point of care medical thermographyAmerican Academy of Thermology2025-10-09https:\/\/irp.cdn-website.com\/e1c76e4d\/files\/uploaded\/Guidelines-for-Point-of-Care-Medical-Thermography.pdf"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e81289","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:15:02Z","timestamp":1782843302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e81289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/81289","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2196\/preprints.81289","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]}}}