{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:44:21Z","timestamp":1785545061174,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Recent research has found that concurrent intimate partner violence (IPV) experience (ie, victimization) and use (ie, perpetration) may be more common than experiencing or using IPV in isolation. Therefore, screening for IPV experience and use concurrently is needed to provide resources and connect patients to care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n In this work, we explore how clinicians made decisions to use a screening protocol for IPV use and experience and their perceptions of how concurrent screening impacted patients, clinicians, and the health care system.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We conducted qualitative interviews with 19 clinicians (18 women and 1 man) who participated in a 90-day pilot screening implementation initiative, in which they were asked to integrate screening for IPV use and experience concurrently into their daily practice. Most clinicians (17\/19, 89.5%) had prior IPV-related training. Interviews focused on clinicians\u2019 experiences implementing the screening tool and were analyzed using thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n We identified four themes: (1) new screening implementation is challenging, (2) screening for IPV use and experience concurrently can be uncomfortable, (3) pivoting strategies can make screening easier, and (4) screening for IPV use and experience concurrently is impactful. Findings highlighted complexities of implementing new screening protocols, as clinicians spoke about the importance of screening for IPV use and experience concurrently, while pointing out barriers to integrating the screening protocol into their daily clinical routines. Clinicians made adaptations to the screening protocol and the screener itself to assist with adherence to screening efforts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Findings demonstrate the need for and importance of screening concurrently for IPV use and experience, while bringing awareness to difficulties with implementing any new screener. Findings underscore the importance of addressing barriers to increasing screening efforts for IPV use and experience concurrently through increased allotment for screening efforts. The results also highlight opportunities for pivoting strategies and ongoing training and education around managing concurrent IPV use and experience. Future research should explore how decreasing barriers to screening efforts and adaptations to screening practices impact decisions to screen, while also exploring clients\u2019 perspectives on being screened for IPV use and experiences concurrently.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/81651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T20:25:07Z","timestamp":1776198307000},"page":"e81651-e81651","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinicians\u2019 Decisions to Screen for Intimate Partner Violence Use and Experience and Observed Impacts: Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4237-3291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A","family":"Walls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8187-4580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie D","family":"Yeterian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8412-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Skye","family":"Orazietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3451-0311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candice","family":"Presseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5379-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina A","family":"Portnoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-R1.1","unstructured":"Basile KC Smith SG Kresnow M Khatiwada S Leemis RW . The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2016\/2017 report on intimate partner violence. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"#cr-split#-R1.2","unstructured":"Jun 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nisvs\/documentation\/nisvsReportonSexualViolence.pdf [Accessed 02-05-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21986","article-title":"Correlates of intimate partner violence perpetration: results from a National Epidemiologic Survey","volume":"28","author":"Okuda","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2021.2019160","article-title":"Intimate partner violence screening for women in the Veterans Health Administration: temporal trends from the early years of implementation 2014-2020","volume":"32","author":"Miller","journal-title":"J Aggress Maltreat Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920966022","article-title":"A multisite quality improvement initiative to enhance the adoption of screening practices for intimate partner violence into routine primary care for women veterans","volume":"136","author":"Portnoy","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000407296.10524.d7","article-title":"Original research: documentation of screening for perpetration of intimate partner violence in male veterans with PTSD","volume":"111","author":"Gerlock","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.199","article-title":"Rates of bidirectional versus unidirectional intimate partner violence across samples, sexual orientations, and race\/ethnicities: a comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Langhinrichsen-Rohling","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231193440","article-title":"Bidirectional violence in intimate relationships: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Machado","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"10","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.37685","article-title":"Screening for intimate partner violence experience and use in the Veterans Health Administration","volume":"6","author":"Portnoy","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508315782","article-title":"Violence between therapy-seeking veterans and their partners: prevalence and characteristics of nonviolent, mutually violent, and one-sided violent couples","volume":"24","author":"Teten","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380251316193","article-title":"Scoping review of bidirectional intimate partner violence using dyadic data","volume":"27","author":"Stover","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP5495","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520917508","article-title":"But, who is the victim here? Exploring judgments toward hypothetical bidirectional domestic violence scenarios","volume":"37","author":"Hine","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"9","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10020","article-title":"A randomized controlled clinical trial of the strength at home men\u2019s program for partner violence in military veterans","volume":"77","author":"Taft","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26334895211039894","article-title":"Screening for intimate partner violence in healthcare settings: an implementation-oriented systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Miller","journal-title":"Implement Res Pract"},{"issue":"14","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8853","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148853","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in military and veteran populations: a systematic review of population-based surveys and population screening studies","volume":"19","author":"Cowlishaw","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"issue":"5","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016637080","article-title":"Provider screening and counseling for intimate partner violence: a systematic review of practices and influencing factors","volume":"18","author":"Alvarez","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05595-7","article-title":"Patient and provider barriers, facilitators, and implementation preferences of intimate partner violence perpetration screening","volume":"20","author":"Portnoy","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21743","article-title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of a rapid intimate partner violence perpetration screening tool","volume":"44","author":"Crane","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241246783","article-title":"How health professionals identify and respond to perpetrators of domestic and family violence in a hospital setting: a scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Schalk","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2011.646368","article-title":"Provider barriers and facilitators to screening for intimate partner violence in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"33","author":"Baig","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2021.02.200311","article-title":"Getting routine intimate partner violence screening right: implementation strategies used in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) primary care","volume":"34","author":"Adjognon","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2009.00179.x","article-title":"Universal screening for intimate partner violence: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Todahl","journal-title":"J Marital Fam Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2017.02.160258","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 experiences with male patients who perpetrate intimate partner violence","volume":"30","author":"Penti","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513517299","article-title":"\u201cI just keep my antennae out\u201d: how rural primary care physicians respond to intimate partner violence","volume":"29","author":"McCall-Hosenfeld","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12443","article-title":"Screening for intimate partner violence","volume":"61","author":"Paterno","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05240-y","article-title":"Intimate partner violence screening programs in the Veterans Health Administration: informing scale-up of successful practices","volume":"34","author":"Iverson","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.02.013","article-title":"Integrating intimate partner violence screening programs in primary care: results from a hybrid-ii implementation-effectiveness RCT","volume":"65","author":"Iverson","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"19-20","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9507","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519867705","article-title":"Health care providers\u2019 readiness to identify and respond to intimate partner violence","volume":"36","author":"Renner","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2015.06.006","article-title":"Intimate partner violence detection and care in the Veterans Health Administration: patient and provider perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Dichter","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"issue":"5","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2018.04.003","article-title":"Accuracy and acceptability of a screening tool for identifying intimate partner violence perpetration among women veterans: a pre-implementation evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Portnoy","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-025-00908-y","article-title":"Development of clinical practice guidelines for responding to intimate partner violence use disclosures in U.S. healthcare settings","author":"Portnoy","journal-title":"J Fam Viol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2017.78.597","article-title":"A latent profile analysis of aggression and victimization across relationship types among veterans who use substances","volume":"78","author":"Anderson","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.8.3.251","article-title":"Use and experience of recent intimate partner violence among women veterans who deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"8","author":"Creech","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.6.2.143","article-title":"Correlates of intimate partner violence perpetrated by female partners of operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom veterans","volume":"6","author":"LaMotte","journal-title":"Partner Abuse"},{"issue":"15-16","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241284087","article-title":"Patterns of intimate partner violence among veterans: a latent class analysis","volume":"40","author":"Portnoy","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"R35","unstructured":"Directive 1198: intimate partner violence assistance program. Veterans Health Administration; Jan 24, 2019. URL: https:\/\/www.navao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/VHA-Directive-1198-Intimate-Partner-Violence-Assistance-Prog-1-24-19.pdf [Accessed 02-05-2026]"},{"issue":"6","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"R37","unstructured":"About the Intimate Partner Violence Assistance Program. US Department of Veterans Affairs. URL: https:\/\/www.socialwork.va.gov\/IPV\/About.asp [Accessed 19-05-2026]"},{"issue":"13","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444","article-title":"Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power","volume":"26","author":"Malterud","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-7-37","article-title":"Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research","volume":"7","author":"Cane","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","article-title":"The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions","volume":"6","author":"Michie","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0092055X0803600302","article-title":"Teaching reflexivity in qualitative interviewing","volume":"36","author":"Hsiung","journal-title":"Teach Sociol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V Clarke V . Thematic analysis. In: APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol 2 Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological. American Psychological Association; 2012:57-71. [doi: 10.1037\/13620-004]","DOI":"10.1037\/13620-004"},{"issue":"1","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2022.2129597","article-title":"Toward good practice in thematic analysis: avoiding common problems and be(com)ing a researcher","volume":"24","author":"Braun","journal-title":"Int J Transgend Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.4870","article-title":"Integrating intimate partner violence assessment and intervention into healthcare in the United States: a systems approach","volume":"24","author":"Miller","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"8","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1998.00166.x","article-title":"Inside \u201cPandora\u2019s box\u201d: abused women\u2019s experiences with clinicians and health services","volume":"13","author":"McCauley","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.9009","article-title":"Screening for intimate partner violence and caregiver abuse of older or vulnerable adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"334","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-021-00272-7","article-title":"When disclosure isn\u2019t the goal: exploring responses to partner violence victimization screening and universal education among youth and adults","volume":"37","author":"McKay","journal-title":"J Fam Viol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310043","article-title":"In their own words: perspectives of IPV survivors on obtaining support within the healthcare system","volume":"19","author":"Hargrave","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13282","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of disclosing domestic violence to the healthcare service: a systematic review of qualitative research","volume":"29","author":"Heron","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"issue":"4","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019888545","article-title":"Brief intimate partner violence perpetration screening tools: a scoping review","volume":"22","author":"Davis","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1080\/15332691.2020.1835595","article-title":"Universal screening and education: a client-centered protocol for normalizing intimate partner violence conversation in clinical practice","volume":"19","author":"Todahl","journal-title":"J Couple Relat Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08207-2","article-title":"Veterans Health Administration (VA) vs. non-VA healthcare quality: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Apaydin","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-018-0110-8","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators affecting the implementation of substance use screening in primary care clinics: a qualitative study of patients, providers, and staff","volume":"13","author":"McNeely","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-020-09742-0","article-title":"Implementation of integrated behavioral health care in a large medical center: benefits, challenges, and recommendations","volume":"48","author":"Prom","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-021-00212-y","article-title":"Integrating social determinants of health screening and referral during routine emergency department care: evaluation of reach and implementation challenges","volume":"2","author":"Wallace","journal-title":"Implement Sci Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01388-y","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to participation in health screening: an umbrella review across conditions","volume":"23","author":"Le Bonniec","journal-title":"Prev Sci"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e81651","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:26:27Z","timestamp":1785536787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e81651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":58,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/81651","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"article-number":"v10i1e81651"}}