{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:33:30Z","timestamp":1788410010608,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Both internet gaming disorder (IGD) and internet addiction (IA) have been associated with diverse psychopathological symptoms. However, how the 2 conditions relate to each other and which is more strongly associated with psychopathology remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to examine the association between IGD and IA and compare the strength of their associations with various types of psychopathological symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study surveyed 3 independent samples of Chinese adolescents: the first sample (S1) comprised 8194 first-year undergraduates at a comprehensive university in Chengdu, the second sample (S2) comprised 1720 students from a high school in Hangzhou, and the third sample (S3) comprised 551 inpatients aged 13 to 19 years recruited from 2 tertiary psychiatric hospitals in Hangzhou and Chengdu. IGD was defined as a score of 22 or more on the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale\u2013Short Form (IGDS9-SF), whereas IA was defined as a score of 50 or more on Young\u2019s 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT-20). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, psychoticism, paranoid ideation, and attention-deficit or hyperactivity were assessed using internationally validated scales including 9-item the Patient Health Questionnaire, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder, psychoticism and paranoid ideation subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90 (absent for S2), and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (absent for S1), through online surveys in S1 (October 2020) and S3 (January 2022 to February 2025) and via an offline survey in S2 (March 2024).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The prevalence estimates (95% CI) of IGD were 4.8% (4.3%\u20105.2%) in S1, 15.8% (14.0%\u201017.5%) in S2, and 32.3% (28.4%\u201036.2%) in S3, whereas prevalence estimates (95% CI) of IA were consistently higher across samples, ranging from 7.3% (6.8%\u20107.9%) in S1 and 18.8% (17.0%\u201020.6%) in S2 to 45.9% (41.8%\u201050.1%) in S3. The IGDS9-SF and the IAT-20 were moderately correlated (Pearson\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =0.51\u20100.57; all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001) and were associated with the severity of most psychopathological symptom domains, with consistently stronger associations observed for IAT-20 scores. In multivariate models including all psychopathological symptoms as independent variables, the coefficients of determination (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2, 95% CIs) were consistently higher for the IAT-20 than for the IGDS9-SF in S1 (0.33, 0.30\u20100.35 vs 0.13, 0.11\u20100.16) and S2 (0.44, 0.39\u20100.49 vs 0.23, 0.18\u20100.27), with a similar but nonsignificant pattern observed in S3 (0.13, 0.06\u20100.26 vs 0.06, 0.03\u20100.16). Post hoc analyses indicated that psychopathological symptoms were generally more severe in individuals with IA, either alone or comorbid with IGD, than in those with IGD only.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This study provides additional evidence that IGD and IA are distinct yet interrelated constructs, and further demonstrates that IA consistently exhibits stronger associations with the severity of psychopathological symptoms than IGD. These findings underscore the importance of recognizing and addressing compulsive and problematic online behaviors that extend beyond gaming, highlighting the need to refine diagnostic frameworks and prioritize targeted clinical interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/82414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T16:05:07Z","timestamp":1767801907000},"page":"e82414-e82414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparing the Associations of Internet Addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder With Psychopathological Symptoms: Cross-Sectional Study of Three Independent Adolescent Samples"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2152-315X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-ying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9005-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A-qian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0703-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling-li","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2956-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zi-xin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2558-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiu-yue","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4656-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2917-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue-qi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8664-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9267-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-jing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-xuan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3260-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-1349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4129-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3003-4045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu-gang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3427-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-zheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3831-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0517-3352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan-jun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Statistics. 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