{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T14:31:44Z","timestamp":1783175504550,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Research suggests that identification with one\u2019s future self\u2014encompassing vividness, connectedness, and valence\u2014plays a key role in motivating future-oriented choices and goal pursuit. Interventions aiming to strengthen future self-identification have been shown to reduce maladaptive behaviors and promote well-being, but traditional approaches often rely heavily on imagination. Emerging technologies offer novel opportunities to make the future self more vivid and tangible, potentially reducing cognitive burden, and enhancing intervention effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of a digital intervention on the following primary outcomes: future self-identification, future orientation, consideration of future consequences, self-defeating behavior, goal commitment, and goal achievement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In this parallel, 3-arm randomized controlled trial, 321 first-year students from a large public university in the Netherlands were randomized (1:1:1) with blocks of 9 to a smartphone app\u2013based future-self intervention, an immersive virtual reality (VR) version of the same intervention, or an active goal-setting control condition. Participants assigned to the smartphone or VR condition engaged with the intervention over a 3-week period, during which they interacted with their 10-year-old self, their future self. Participants in the control condition received no further support. Each of the 3 conditions consisted of 107 participants, who were all included in the analyses following the intention-to-treat principle. Due to the nature of the intervention, blinding was not possible.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Compared to the goal-setting control condition, both intervention conditions yielded significant short-term improvements on all 3 aspects of future self-identification (smartphone:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n vividness<\/jats:sub>\n =0.49;\n d<\/jats:italic>\n valence<\/jats:sub>\n =0.44;\n d<\/jats:italic>\n connectedness<\/jats:sub>\n =0.43; VR:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n vividness<\/jats:sub>\n =0.35;\n d<\/jats:italic>\n valence<\/jats:sub>\n =0.44;\n d<\/jats:italic>\n connectedness<\/jats:sub>\n =0.43), and a small decline in vividness (smartphone:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n =\u22120.36; VR:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n =\u22120.23) and connectedness (smartphone:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n =\u22120.36; VR:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n =\u22120.32) at 6-month follow-up. Additionally, the intervention buffered declines in future orientation during the study period (smartphone:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n =.16; VR:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n =0.18), and VR delivery led to significantly higher weekly goal achievement (\n d<\/jats:italic>\n =0.88). However, effects on future orientation were not sustained over time (smartphone:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n =\u22120.18; VR:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n =\u22120.25), resulting in similar levels across conditions at 6-month follow-up. Furthermore, no significant effects emerged for other primary or secondary outcomes, such as self-defeating behavior (smartphone:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n overall<\/jats:sub>\n =\u22120.10; VR:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n overall<\/jats:sub>\n =\u22120.03), impulsivity (smartphone:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n overall<\/jats:sub>\n =\u22120.07; VR:\n d<\/jats:italic>\n overall<\/jats:sub>\n =\u22120.09), or academic performance (\u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n partial<\/jats:sub>\n =0.00). No adverse events were reported in any of the conditions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This randomized controlled trial innovatively compares smartphone and immersive VR future-self interventions. Findings suggest that digital interventions leveraging visual and interactive representations of the future self can strengthen future self-identification and future orientation, and support (short-term) goal pursuit. Together, they highlight the potential of scalable digital future self approaches for educational and preventive health contexts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/84420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T11:50:08Z","timestamp":1773143408000},"page":"e84420-e84420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stimulating Future-Oriented Thinking and Goal-Achievement Through the Future Self Using Virtual Reality and a Smartphone App: Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7928-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"van 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