{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:19:43Z","timestamp":1787678383446,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wireless electroencephalography (EEG) systems offer practical advantages over conventional wired devices in the assessment of children with developmental disabilities (DDs), including enhanced portability, reduced participant burden, and ease of use. However, how these systems have been applied across diverse DD populations, research purposes, and clinical contexts remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review aimed to map available evidence on wireless EEG applications in children with DDs, characterize device specifications by application purpose, identify neurobehavioral challenges and corresponding methodological solutions, and assess data quality\u2013related reporting practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews), PRISMA-S (PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews), and the population, concept, and context framework: population, children aged&lt;19 years with DDs; concept, studies using wireless EEG devices for data collection; and context, all research and clinical settings. A systematic search was conducted across 7 databases (PubMed, Embase, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus) from their inception through December 2025. Screening was performed independently by 4 reviewers. Data on study characteristics, device specifications, neurobehavioral recording challenges, and data quality reporting were extracted and synthesized descriptively, including cross-tabulation of devices by application purpose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 594 identified records, 64 studies enrolling 3103 participants met the inclusion criteria. Studies were published between 2005 and 2025, with an increasing trend in both publications and sample sizes. Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (38\/64, 59.4%) and autism spectrum disorder (20\/64, 31.3%) were the most frequently studied conditions. Primary application domains were biomarker-driven assessment and diagnosis (33\/64, 51.6%), brain-computer interface (BCI) technology (18\/64, 28.1%), intervention evaluation (8\/64, 12.5%), and task or state monitoring (5\/64, 7.8%). Across 65 study-device pairs, consumer-grade devices predominated (31\/65, 47.7%), followed by research-use-only (19\/65, 29.2%) and medical devices (15\/65, 23.1%). Purpose-driven patterns emerged: BCI studies favored low-channel, dry-electrode, consumer-grade devices, whereas biomarker-driven and intervention studies used higher channel counts and greater signal fidelity. Recurring neurobehavioral challenges (eg, inattention, sensory hypersensitivity, and motor impairment) were addressed through rapid, low-preparation electrode setups, child-friendly device designs, and adapted recording protocols such as home-based or caregiver-mediated sessions. Data quality\u2013related reporting was substantially incomplete: 85.9% (55\/64) did not report validation against a wired EEG system, 79.7% (51\/64) did not specify impedance thresholds, and 12.5% (8\/64) described no artifact handling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review is the first to comprehensively map wireless EEG research in children across a broad spectrum of DDs\u2014integrating diagnosis, study context, and device characteristics\u2014rather than focusing on a single condition or purpose. This review highlights critical gaps in data quality\u2013related reporting that limit the interpretability and comparability of current findings. Future studies should prioritize rigorous validation within DD cohorts and the development of population-specific guidelines for device selection, signal quality assurance, and reporting transparency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/84707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:50:09Z","timestamp":1783918209000},"page":"e84707-e84707","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wireless Electroencephalography in Research on Children With Developmental Disabilities: Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4136-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naeun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3649-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoomi","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2901-2277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeeun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2976-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9277-8204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1122009","article-title":"Global prevalence of developmental disabilities in children and adolescents: a systematic umbrella review","volume":"11","author":"Olusanya","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1071181","article-title":"The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: a three-level meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Talantseva","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2025.2581660","article-title":"Global trends in developmental disabilities in children and adolescents 1990\u20132021: sex- and sociodemographic index-stratified analysis of Global Burden of Disease 2021","author":"Xie","journal-title":"Int J Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1681565","article-title":"Global burden, inequality, and frontier gaps of autism spectrum disorder disability in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the GBD 2021 study","volume":"13","author":"Lin","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03265-7","article-title":"Strategies for addressing the needs of children with or at risk of developmental disabilities in early childhood by 2030: a systematic umbrella review","volume":"22","author":"Smythe","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04348.x","article-title":"Global perspective on early diagnosis and intervention for children with developmental delays and disabilities","volume":"54","author":"Scherzer","journal-title":"Develop Med Child Neuro"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.686021","article-title":"Electroencephalography in assessment of autism spectrum disorders: a review","volume":"12","author":"Milovanovic","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04932-2","article-title":"Contrast subgraphs catch patterns of altered functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"15","author":"Lanciano","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.04.004","article-title":"The default mode network in autism","volume":"2","author":"Padmanabhan","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010279","article-title":"Children with autism spectrum disorder and abnormalities of clinical EEG: a qualitative review","volume":"13","author":"Bosetti","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.09.009","article-title":"Aberrant modulation of brain oscillatory activity and attentional impairment in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"3","author":"Lenartowicz","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1502045","article-title":"Interest paradigm for early identification of autism spectrum disorder: an analysis from electroencephalography combined with eye tracking","volume":"18","author":"Sun","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.22037\/ijcn.v19i2.46578","article-title":"Assessing the impact of neurofeedback on cognitive function in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Rezaee","journal-title":"Iran J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12435","article-title":"Research review: Use of EEG biomarkers in child psychiatry research\u2014current state and future directions","volume":"57","author":"Loo","journal-title":"Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2017.03.011","article-title":"Biosignal monitoring using wearables: observations and opportunities","volume":"38","author":"Athavale","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2019.100635","article-title":"Mobile EEG in research on neurodevelopmental disorders: opportunities and challenges","volume":"36","author":"Lau-Zhu","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2328317","article-title":"Wearable, wireless EEG solutions in daily life applications: what are we missing?","volume":"19","author":"Mihajlovic","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"4","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.08.008","article-title":"Sensory abnormalities in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"94","author":"Posar","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"issue":"119774","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119774","article-title":"Wireless EEG: a survey of systems and studies","volume":"269","author":"Niso","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291186","article-title":"A scoping review on the use of consumer-grade EEG devices for research","volume":"19","author":"Sabio","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/68204","article-title":"Consumer-grade neurofeedback with mindfulness meditation: meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Treves","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.12.037","article-title":"Review on portable EEG technology in educational research","volume":"81","author":"Xu","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208211007707","article-title":"Neuroergonomics on the go: an evaluation of the potential of mobile EEG for workplace assessment and design","volume":"65","author":"Wascher","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"3","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v13i3.6427","article-title":"Consumer-grade electroencephalography devices for the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders in youth","volume":"13","author":"Marchand","journal-title":"Med Res Arch"},{"issue":"5","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17220","article-title":"Noninvasive mobile EEG as a tool for seizure monitoring and management: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Biondi","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"7","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","article-title":"PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews","volume":"10","author":"Rethlefsen","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.05.007","article-title":"At home EEG monitoring technologies for people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities: a scoping review","volume":"110","author":"Milne-Ives","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"1","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5496196","article-title":"Categorisation of mobile EEG: a researcher\u2019s perspective","volume":"2017","author":"Bateson","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","article-title":"Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews","volume":"18","author":"Peters","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1616973","article-title":"A neuro-behavioral test and algorithms for screening and evaluating therapy in ADHD","volume":"2005","author":"Modarres-Zadeh","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iramina K Matsuda K Ide J Noguchi Y . Monitoring system of neuronal activity and moving activity without restraint using wireless EEG, NIRS and accelerometer. Presented at: 2010 IEEE EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES); Nov 30 to Dec 2, 2010; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [doi: 10.1109\/IECBES.2010.5742285]","DOI":"10.1109\/IECBES.2010.5742285"},{"issue":"5","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1166\/jmihi.2015.1492","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an interactive electro-encephalogram-based neurofeedback system for training attention and attention defects in children","volume":"5","author":"Israsena","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Hlth Inform"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zennifa F Ide J Noguchi Y Iramina K . Monitoring of cognitive state on mental retardation child using EEG, ECG and NIRS in four years study. Presented at: 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC); Aug 25-29, 2015; Milan, Italy. [doi: 10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319908]","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319908"},{"issue":"276","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00276","article-title":"An integrated approach for the monitoring of brain and autonomic response of children with autism spectrum disorders during treatment by wearable technologies","volume":"10","author":"Billeci","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"R38","first-page":"18","volume":"19","author":"Mart\u00ednez","journal-title":"J Educ Technol Soc"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perales F Amengual E . Combining EEG and serious games for attention assessment of children with cerebral palsy. Presented at: Converging Clinical and Engineering Research on Neurorehabilitation II: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on NeuroRehabilitation (ICNR2016); Oct 18-21, 2016; Segovia, Spain. [doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-46669-9_66]","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46669-9_66"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2018.05.003","article-title":"Modeling the connections of brain regions in children with autism using cellular neural networks and electroencephalography analysis","volume":"89","author":"Askari","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eroglu G Aydin S Cetin M Balcisoy S . Improving cognitive functions of dyslexies using multi-sensory learning and EEG neurofeedback. Presented at: 2018 26th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU); May 2-5, 2018; Izmir. [doi: 10.1109\/SIU.2018.8404711]","DOI":"10.1109\/SIU.2018.8404711"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercado-Aguirre IM Gutierrez-Ruiz K Contreras-Ortiz SH . Acquisition and analysis of cognitive evoked potentials using an emotiv headset for ADHD evaluation in children. Presented at: 2019 XXII Symposium on Image, Signal Processing and Artificial Vision (STSIVA); Apr 24-26, 2019; Bucaramanga, Colombia. [doi: 10.1109\/STSIVA.2019.8730225]","DOI":"10.1109\/STSIVA.2019.8730225"},{"issue":"6","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12158","article-title":"Using mobile electroencephalography and actigraphy to diagnose attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: case-control comparison study","volume":"7","author":"Chu","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24507\/icicelb.11.01.51","article-title":"Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability detection via brainwave measurements","volume":"11","author":"Liao","journal-title":"ICIC Express Lett B: Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10060403","article-title":"Neurodynamics of patients during a dolphin-assisted therapy by means of a fractal intraneural analysis","volume":"10","author":"Matamoros","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3097551","article-title":"Neural dynamics for facilitating ADHD diagnosis in preschoolers: central and parietal delta synchronization in the Kiddie continuous performance test","volume":"29","author":"Chen","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.656578","article-title":"Early screening of children with autism spectrum disorder based on electroencephalogram signal feature selection with L1-Norm regularization","volume":"15","author":"Peng","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093221","article-title":"Detecting attention levels in ADHD children with a video game and the measurement of brain activity with a single-channel BCI headset","volume":"21","author":"Serrano-Barroso","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24088-7","article-title":"Functional changes in prefrontal cortex following frequency-specific training","volume":"12","author":"Bach-Morrow","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac4f07","article-title":"Neurological state changes indicative of ADHD in children learned via EEG-based LSTM networks","volume":"19","author":"Chang","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547211045739","article-title":"Incremental validity of multi-method and multi-informant evaluations in the clinical diagnosis of preschool ADHD","volume":"26","author":"Chen","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050731","article-title":"Task-rate-related neural dynamics using wireless EEG to assist diagnosis and intervention planning for preschoolers with ADHD exhibiting heterogeneous cognitive proficiency","volume":"12","author":"Chen","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13995","article-title":"Investigating neural dynamics in autism spectrum conditions outside of the laboratory using mobile electroencephalography","volume":"59","author":"Giannadou","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26215","article-title":"Establishing a clinical brain-computer interface program for children with severe neurological disabilities","volume":"14","author":"Jadavji","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9340027","article-title":"Application of machine learning techniques to detect the children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"2022","author":"Liao","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12060704","article-title":"Music-enhanced emotion identification of facial emotions in autistic spectrum disorder children: a pilot EEG study","volume":"12","author":"Ramirez-Melendez","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2021.12.005","article-title":"The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training on EEG spectral power in adolescent boys with ADHD: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Westwood","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02547-7","article-title":"Transcranial random noise stimulation combined with cognitive training for treating ADHD: a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Dakwar-Kawar","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan ZC Lin RW Tsai CS et al. Unveiling multivariate EEG features: a novel approach to enhancing ADHD diagnosis through visual and auditory attention tests. Presented at: 2023 International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (iFUZZY); Oct 26-29, 2023; Penghu, Taiwan. [doi: 10.1109\/iFUZZY60076.2023.10324282]","DOI":"10.1109\/iFUZZY60076.2023.10324282"},{"issue":"1","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00539-x","article-title":"Home-based brain-computer interface attention training program for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a feasibility trial","volume":"17","author":"Lim","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3596251","article-title":"Eggly: designing mobile augmented reality neurofeedback training games for children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"7","author":"Lyu","journal-title":"Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquitous Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac273","article-title":"Sleep architecture is associated with core symptom severity in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"46","author":"Kawai","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2023.108504","article-title":"Links between excessive daytime sleepiness and EEG power and activation in two subtypes of ADHD","volume":"177","author":"McCabe","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehan A Anjali S Sanjula L Lavanya M Thelijjagoda S Krishara J . Neuroassist ADHD analyzer: a smart application for recognizing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) levels in children. Presented at: 2023 International Conference on Innovative Computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical Systems (ICSES); Dec 14-15, 2023; Chennai, India. [doi: 10.1109\/ICSES60034.2023.10465399]","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSES60034.2023.10465399"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116100","article-title":"Electrophysiological functional connectivity and complexity reflecting cognitive processing speed heterogeneity in young children with ADHD","volume":"340","author":"Chen","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0228307","article-title":"EEG complexity in children with autism spectrum disorders: a multiscale entropy analysis","volume":"3210","author":"Handayani","journal-title":"AIP Conf Proc"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang IW Jheng YC Chen IC Ko LW . Complexity analysis based on parietal fuzzy entropy to facilitate ADHD diagnosis in young children. Presented at: 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC); Jul 15-19, 2024; Orlando, FL, USA. [doi: 10.1109\/EMBC53108.2024.10781919]","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC53108.2024.10781919"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3360137","article-title":"Temporal alpha dissimilarity of ADHD brain network in comparison with CPT and CATA","volume":"32","author":"Lin","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3417210","article-title":"Characterizing autism spectrum disorder through fusion of local cortical activation and global functional connectivity using game-based stimuli and a mobile EEG system","volume":"32","author":"Tseng","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2023.3297609","article-title":"Electroencephalography connectivity assesses cognitive disorders of autistic children during game-based social interaction","volume":"16","author":"Tseng","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-024-2938-3","article-title":"Wearable EEG neurofeedback based-on machine learning algorithms for children with autism: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"44","author":"Wang","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2025.3528920","article-title":"Functional connectivity analysis of children with autism under emotional clips","volume":"16","author":"Cai","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affective Comput"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2025.2455102","article-title":"Virtual reality based audio visual brainwave entrainment to improve learning in children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder","author":"Mandapati","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2025.103923","article-title":"The effects of transcranial random noise stimulation on excitation\/inhibition balance in ADHD","volume":"49","author":"Dakwar-Kawar","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"10","key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046692","article-title":"A brain-computer interface based attention training program for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"7","author":"Lim","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158244015586811","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244015586811","article-title":"A preliminary multiple case report of neurocognitive training for children with AD\/HD in China","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garzotto F Gelsomini M Pappalardo A Sanna C Stella E Zanella M . Using brain signals in adaptive smart spaces for disabled children. Presented at: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems; May 7-12, 2016; San Jose, CA, USA. [doi: 10.1145\/2851581.2892533]","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892533"},{"issue":"1","key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0213-8","article-title":"Brain-computer-interface-based intervention re-normalizes brain functional network topology in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"8","author":"Qian","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2693157","article-title":"EEG-based affect and workload recognition in a virtual driving environment for ASD intervention","volume":"65","author":"Fan","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13675","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6916-2","article-title":"Developing and evaluating a BCI video game for neurofeedback training: the case of autism","volume":"78","author":"Mercado","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"5","key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216225","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of a brain-computer interface based attention training program for ADHD","volume":"14","author":"Lim","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2021.101882","article-title":"Brain-computer interface based attention and social cognition training programme for children with ASD and co-occurring ADHD: a feasibility trial","volume":"89","author":"Teo","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108080","article-title":"Aiding diagnosis of childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder of the inattentive presentation: discriminant function analysis of multi-domain measures including EEG","volume":"161","author":"Johnstone","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13344","article-title":"Atypical functional connectivity during rest and task-related dynamic alteration in young children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an analysis using the phase-locking value","volume":"76","author":"Chen","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-01956-1","article-title":"A randomized controlled study of remote computerized cognitive, neurofeedback, and combined training in the treatment of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"32","author":"Luo","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1331004","article-title":"Limited usefulness of neurocognitive functioning indices as predictive markers for treatment response to methylphenidate or neurofeedback@home in children and adolescents with ADHD","volume":"14","author":"Kaiser","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.23.1054","article-title":"The effect of mobile neurofeedback training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Kwon","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"key":"R88","unstructured":"Huang TC Yang SR Chiang SE He C Lin DS Ko LW . EEG slow-rate task features with retrieval-augmented generation for ADHD classification in school-age children. Presented at: 2025 International Automatic Control Conference (CACS); Nov 5-8, 2025; Hsinchu, Taiwan. [doi: 10.1109\/CACS67552.2025.11288161]"},{"key":"R89","unstructured":"Rebollo C Tonda A Sorl\u00ed C Remolar I . Brain waves and learning in children with ADHD: impact of educational video games vs traditional methods. Presented at: 21st International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age (CELDA 2024); Oct 26-28, 2024; Zagreb, Croatia. URL: https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED665389 [Accessed 08-08-2026]"},{"key":"R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang L Zhao M Ma C et al. A multimodal data-driven assessment system for autism spectrum disorder in children: development and pilot validation of a multimodal acquisition platform. Presented at: 2025 47th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC); Jul 14-18, 2025; Copenhagen, Denmark. [doi: 10.1109\/EMBC58623.2025.11254484]","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC58623.2025.11254484"},{"issue":"3","key":"R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2025.2477506","article-title":"Classification of auditory ERPs for ADHD detection in children","volume":"49","author":"Mercado-Aguirre","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3390\/info16100880","article-title":"Investigating brain activity of children with autism spectrum disorder during STEM-related cognitive tasks","volume":"16","author":"Penmetsa","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"R93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1611438","article-title":"Altered tactile abnormalities in children with ASD during tactile processing and recognition revealed by dynamic EEG features","volume":"16","author":"Wang","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"R94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.70265","article-title":"Home polysomnography in children with autism spectrum disorder: a prospective observational study","volume":"35","author":"Ezedinma","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"R95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S554756","article-title":"Effects of mobile neurofeedback on theta\u2013gamma coupling and clinical outcomes in children with ADHD: a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Kim","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"R96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-024-09578-1","article-title":"The utility of wearable electroencephalography combined with behavioral measures to establish a practical multi-domain model for facilitating the diagnosis of young children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"16","author":"Chen","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"R97","unstructured":"Park N . Evidence gap map of wireless EEG research in children with developmental disabilities. Zenodo. 2026. URL: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/21633946 [Accessed 08-08-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-023-09601-6","article-title":"Decoding the debate: a comparative study of brain-computer interface and neurofeedback","volume":"49","author":"Mahrooz","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"R99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.105021","article-title":"Technologies to support the diagnosis and\/or treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review","volume":"145","author":"Ribas","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"R100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21037","article-title":"Candidate diagnostic biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Cortese","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"R101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.10.022","article-title":"Cognitive and motor event-related potentials in Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: a systematic review","volume":"130","author":"Morand-Beaulieu","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6-7","key":"R102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738231177386","article-title":"Electroencephalographic (EEG) biomarkers in genetic neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"38","author":"Goodspeed","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson CA Thomas KM de Haan M . Neural bases of cognitive development. In: Handbook of Child Psychology. Wiley; 2008:19-53. [doi: 10.1002\/9780470147658]","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470147658.chpsy0201"},{"issue":"1","key":"R104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01137-9","article-title":"Development of prefrontal cortex","volume":"47","author":"Kolk","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247223","article-title":"EEG signatures of cognitive and social development of preschool children-a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Bhavnani","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2025.2609164","article-title":"Efficacy of portable EEG-based neurofeedback for ADHD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Huang","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"key":"R107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120119","article-title":"Why does Africa have the lowest number of Neurologists and how to cover the Gap?","volume":"434","author":"Kissani","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"R108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3131607","article-title":"Opening up the design space of neurofeedback brain\u2013computer interfaces for children","volume":"24","author":"Antle","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput-Hum Interact"},{"issue":"8","key":"R109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2962874","article-title":"Consumer grade EEG measuring sensors as research tools: a review","volume":"20","author":"Sawangjai","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J"},{"key":"R110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1746","article-title":"Consumer-grade EEG devices: are they usable for control tasks?","volume":"4","author":"Maskeliunas","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"R111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00398","article-title":"Comparison of medical and consumer wireless EEG systems for use in clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Ratti","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"R112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.907","article-title":"Validation of the Emotiv EPOC EEG system for research quality auditory event-related potentials in children","volume":"3","author":"Badcock","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"R113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122808","article-title":"Validation of electroencephalographic recordings obtained with a consumer-grade, single dry electrode, low-cost device: a comparative study","volume":"19","author":"Rieiro","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14733","article-title":"Heterogeneity in pediatric resting EEG data processing and analysis: a state of the field","volume":"62","author":"Troller-Renfree","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1916-6","article-title":"Guidelines and best practices for electrophysiological data collection, analysis and reporting in autism","volume":"45","author":"Webb","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"R116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3720127","article-title":"Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: recording standards and publication criteria","volume":"37","author":"Picton","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:33:17Z","timestamp":1787675597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e84707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":116,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/84707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"article-number":"v28i1e84707"}}