{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:08:45Z","timestamp":1782846525059,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Perioper Med"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Hypothermia, defined as a core body temperature below 36 \u00b0C, is a common postoperative complication associated with adverse outcomes, including delayed wound healing, infections, and increased bleeding.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of different forced-air warming system temperature settings in treating postoperative hypothermia in the postanesthesia care unit.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 132 patients undergoing elective surgery at Ramathibodi Hospital between April 2023 and May 2024 were randomized into 3 groups (n=44 per group): group C (warming set to 38 \u00b0C), group F1 (warming set to 42 \u00b0C), and group F2 (warming set to 42 \u00b0C, reduced to 38 \u00b0C after achieving 36 \u00b0C). Tympanic temperature was recorded at 5-minute intervals during rewarming and every 10 minutes after normothermia (\u226536 \u00b0C) was achieved. The primary outcome was rewarming time. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of temperature drops, hemodynamic parameters, adverse events, and patient comfort scores.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Baseline characteristics and clinical variables, including vital signs, were comparable among groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n >.05). Group F2 achieved the shortest mean rewarming time of 33.3 (SD 13.81) min; however, differences between groups were not statistically significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.460). Group F2 had the lowest incidence of temperature drops below 36 \u00b0C after normothermia (1\/44, 2.27%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.009). Group C had the highest incidence of rewarming exceeding 1 hour (10\/44, 22.73%;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.017).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n While rewarming times were similar across groups, the protocol using an initial setting of 42 \u00b0C followed by a reduction to 38 \u00b0C (group F2) effectively minimized temperature drops after normothermia, suggesting its superiority for managing postoperative hypothermia in the postanesthesia care unit.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/85045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T01:15:09Z","timestamp":1766711709000},"page":"e85045-e85045","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Forced-Air Warming Temperature Settings for Treating Postoperative Hypothermia in the Postanesthesia Care Unit: Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-9247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koravee","family":"Pasutharnchat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6805-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rattaphol","family":"Seangrung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5195-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirikarn","family":"Sirisophaphong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6136-2257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilailuck","family":"Wongkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_353_17","article-title":"A prospective comparative study between prewarming and cowarming to prevent intraoperative hypothermia","volume":"35","author":"Shenoy","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm-136730","article-title":"Prevalence of postoperative hypothermia in the post-anesthesia care unit","volume":"13","author":"Ashoobi","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2015.0166","article-title":"Preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia","volume":"112","author":"Torossian","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2017.01.005","article-title":"Effectiveness of active and passive warming for the prevention of inadvertent hypothermia in patients receiving neuraxial anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Shaw","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"16","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168749","article-title":"Perioperative hypothermia - 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A non-randomized clinical trial evaluating current clinical practice","volume":"10","author":"Becerra","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-018-0668-4","article-title":"Effect of pre-warming on perioperative hypothermia during holmium laser enucleation of the prostate under spinal anesthesia: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Jun","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.20027","article-title":"Effects of 10-min of pre-warming on inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in intraoperative warming patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Yoo","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med (Seoul)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R16","first-page":"88","volume":"46","author":"Parameeanon","journal-title":"Thai J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"45","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013119","article-title":"The effects of a forced-air warming system plus electric blanket for elderly patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"11","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001087","article-title":"Preventing hypothermia in outpatient plastic surgery by self-warming or forced-air-warming blanket: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Tyvold","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015895","article-title":"Effect of forced-air warming system in prevention of postoperative hypothermia in elderly patients: a prospective controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Xu","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R20","volume":"37","author":"Pisitsak","journal-title":"Thai J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f6d76","article-title":"Temperature monitoring and perioperative thermoregulation","volume":"109","author":"Sessler","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"26","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007389","article-title":"Effect of an electric blanket plus a forced-air warming system for children with postoperative hypothermia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Liu","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200108000-00040","article-title":"Complications and treatment of mild hypothermia","volume":"95","author":"Sessler","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2008.11928375","article-title":"Active intravascular rewarming for hypothermia associated with traumatic injury: early experience with a new technique","volume":"21","author":"Taylor","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"issue":"12","key":"R25","first-page":"1065","volume":"63","author":"Ereth","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"}],"container-title":["JMIR Perioperative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/periop.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e85045","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:19:07Z","timestamp":1782843547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/periop.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e85045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/85045","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-9128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-9128","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"article-number":"v9i2e85045"}}