{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:43:58Z","timestamp":1785545038225,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Hum Factors"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Video-algorithmic patient monitoring (VAPM) combines remote, noncontact sensors and algorithmic analysis and is increasingly trialed in acute psychiatric and other care settings. While promoted for improving safety and reducing risk, it raises ethical concerns regarding safety, privacy and surveillance. Little is known about how those encountering VAPM in mental health care contexts anticipate its use and potential impacts, including where it has not yet been implemented.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to explore the views of patients or mental health consumers, specialized mental health nurses and nurse academics, hospital managers, and technology vendors regarding the appropriateness and anticipated implications of VAPM in mental health inpatient care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This qualitative study identified key stakeholders in Australia via networking techniques for participation in a deliberative workshop. A deliberative workshop was held, and the workshop discussion was audio-recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed, consistent with methods in health technology research, which enable exploration of different viewpoints, including convergences and divergences across stakeholder groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n In total, 16 stakeholders participated, exploring themes concerning (1) contestation over the rationale for VAPM in mental health settings, (2) VAPM reshaping care and relationships, (3) perceived harms of VAPM, (4) perceived observational support for safety and reduced disruption, (5) serious privacy implications of VAPM, (6) the need for appropriate governance, and (7) the potential for VAPM to transform, not augment, service delivery. General views differed across groups. Patients or service users expressed concerns about privacy, coercion, and the potential to intensify stigma. Mental health nurses were cautious but interested in possible benefits for safety and suicide prevention. Hospital managers and technology vendors largely emphasized safety gains.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The findings suggest that the anticipated risks of VAPM are primarily experienced subjectively, as infringements on privacy, dignity, and trust, while purported benefits remain largely untested and unquantified. From a utilitarian perspective, direct comparison is therefore difficult\u2014the risks are set out in the anticipated experiences of those with lived experience, and the benefits remain hypothetical. From this view, robust, independent evidence of real-world outcomes is required. Yet, for some participants, the very premise of such calculation was rejected, with privacy, dignity, and trust regarded as nonnegotiable, rather than items for trade-off. If VAPM is to be pursued at all, it should proceed only with extreme caution, with transparent evidence of outcomes, and with meaningful participation from those whose lives and care are most directly impacted.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/85518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:30:08Z","timestamp":1773955808000},"page":"e85518-e85518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Video-Algorithmic Patient Monitoring in Mental Health Inpatient Settings: Qualitative Study of Patient or Consumer, Clinician, and Vendor Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5743-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piers","family":"Gooding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8144-0208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamilton","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-8730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"D'Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Kariotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-3950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8711-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300136","article-title":"Introducing artificial intelligence in acute psychiatric inpatient care: qualitative study of its use to conduct nursing observations","volume":"23","author":"Barrera","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"16-23","key":"R2","first-page":"16","volume":"168","author":"Borges","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05437-w","article-title":"A service evaluation of passive remote monitoring technology for patients in a high-secure forensic psychiatric hospital: a qualitative study","volume":"23","author":"Dewa","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"Socio-technical system. Oxford Reference. URL: https:\/\/www.oxfordreference.com\/view\/10.1093\/oi\/authority.20110803100515814 [Accessed 22-06-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2010.07.003","article-title":"Socio-technical systems: from design methods to systems engineering","volume":"23","author":"Baxter","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"Batty D . NHS trusts criticised over system that films mental health patients in their bedrooms. The Guardian. 2021. URL: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2021\/dec\/13\/nhs-trusts-urged-to-ditch-oxevision-system-covert-surveillance-mental-health-patients [Accessed 21-03-2022]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1332\/26352338Y2025D000000045","article-title":"Towards a Mad technoscience: revealing, repurposing, and reimagining carceral mental health technologies","volume":"9","author":"Powell","journal-title":"Justice Power Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/JCE.0000000000000447","article-title":"Vision-based patient monitoring and management in mental health settings","volume":"46","author":"Lloyd-Jukes","journal-title":"J Clin Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.20299\/jpi.2021.009","article-title":"Non-contact physical health monitoring in mental health seclusion","volume":"18","author":"Clark","journal-title":"J Psych Intensive Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000559","article-title":"Economic impact of a vision-based patient monitoring system across five NHS mental health trusts","volume":"3","author":"Buckley","journal-title":"PLoS Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2022.2147753","article-title":"Economic evaluation of a vision-based patient monitoring and management system in an acute adult and an older adult mental health hospital in England","volume":"25","author":"Malcolm","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.20299\/jpi.2022.008","article-title":"Non-contact health monitoring to support care in a psychiatric intensive care unit","volume":"18","author":"Ndebele","journal-title":"J Psych Intensive Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2023.2245882","article-title":"Non-contact monitoring to support care in acute inpatient mental health","volume":"33","author":"Ndebele","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03673-9","article-title":"The use and impact of surveillance-based technology initiatives in inpatient and acute mental health settings: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Griffiths","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"R15","unstructured":"Stop Oxevision. URL: https:\/\/stopoxevision.wordpress.com\/ [Accessed 26-06-2026]"},{"key":"R16","unstructured":"Batty D . NHS trust to stop filming mental health patients in their bedrooms. The Guardian. 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2022\/mar\/14\/nhs-trust-to-stop-filming-mental-health-patients-in-their-bedrooms [Accessed 20-06-2026]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-021-10139-7","article-title":"Semi-automated care: video-algorithmic patient monitoring and surveillance in care settings","volume":"18","author":"Gooding","journal-title":"J Bioeth Inq"},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Hendry J . \u2018Botched\u2019 aged care AI camera trial generates 12,000 false alerts. InnovationAus.com. Sep 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.innovationaus.com\/botched-aged-care-ai-camera-trial-generates-12000-false-alerts\/ [Accessed 22-06-2026]"},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"LIO. Alpha global partners with LIO to redefine mental health care in Australia. PR Newswire. 2025. URL: https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/alpha-global-partners-with-lio-to-redefine-mental-health-care-in-australia-302529071.html [Accessed 09-10-2025]"},{"issue":"10","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab127","article-title":"Trading off accuracy and explainability in AI decision-making: findings from 2 citizens\u2019 juries","volume":"28","author":"van der Veer","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52283","article-title":"How should artificial intelligence be used in Australian health care? Recommendations from a citizens\u2019 jury","volume":"220","author":"Carter","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"6","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2022.03.018","article-title":"Designing and implementing deliberative processes for health technology assessment: a good practices report of a Joint HTAi\/ISPOR Task Force","volume":"25","author":"Oortwijn","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.005","article-title":"The use of citizens\u2019 juries in health policy decision-making: a systematic review","volume":"109","author":"Street","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver P . Purposive sampling. In: Jupp V , editor. The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods. SAGE Publications; 244-245. [doi: 10.4135\/9780857020116]","DOI":"10.4135\/9780857020116"},{"issue":"2","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12653","article-title":"Authentic engagement: a conceptual model for welcoming diverse and challenging consumer and survivor views in mental health research, policy, and practice","volume":"29","author":"Daya","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"R26","first-page":"1101","volume":"34","author":"Sofaer","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231207012","article-title":"Waiting in the wings: the enactment of a descriptive phenomenology study","volume":"22","author":"Sinfield","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127012452821","article-title":"Qualitative data: cooking without a recipe","volume":"10","author":"Graebner","journal-title":"Strateg Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1704846","article-title":"To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales","volume":"13","author":"Braun","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/20502877.2021.1993055","article-title":"Surveillance in next-generation personalized healthcare: science and ethics of data analytics in healthcare","volume":"27","author":"Althobaiti","journal-title":"New Bioeth"},{"key":"R32","unstructured":"Seclusion and restraint. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2021. URL: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/mental-health\/topic-areas\/restrictive-practices [Accessed 20-06-2026]"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"Our position on Oxevision, the new monitoring system in mental health units. Rethink Mental Illness. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.rethink.org\/news-and-stories\/media-centre\/2023\/11\/our-position-on-oxevision-the-new-monitoring-system-in-mental-health-units\/ [Accessed 09-10-2025]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02224-8","article-title":"Patient wisdom should be incorporated into health AI to avoid algorithmic paternalism","volume":"29","author":"McCradden","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-01-2016-0023","article-title":"Technological appropriations as workarounds: integrating electronic health records and adaptive structuration theory research","volume":"31","author":"Barrett","journal-title":"Inf Technol People"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0312407X.2025.2488345","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in social work: an EPIC model for practice","author":"Boetto","journal-title":"Aust Soc Work"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nissenbaum H . Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life. Stanford University Press; 2009. ISBN: 9780804752367","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804772891"},{"issue":"1","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1515\/til-2019-0008","article-title":"Contextual integrity up and down the data food chain","volume":"20","author":"Nissenbaum","journal-title":"Theor Inq Law"},{"issue":"2","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/digital5020014","article-title":"A survey on digital trust: towards a validated definition","volume":"5","author":"Saveljeva","journal-title":"Digital"},{"issue":"12","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.12.1938","article-title":"Dimensional approach to delusions: comparison across types and diagnoses","volume":"156","author":"Appelbaum","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0928-7","article-title":"Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions: a review","volume":"49","author":"Freeman","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.13036","article-title":"RETRACTED: Reduced self-harm on acute mental health wards following the implementation of a vision-based patient monitoring system: Evidence from five NHS trusts","volume":"31","author":"Kekic","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"R44","unstructured":"National Safety and Quality Digital Mental Health Standards. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.safetyandquality.gov.au\/national-standards\/national-safety-and-quality-digital-mental-health-standards [Accessed 26-06-2026]"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muchamore I Karanikolas P Gooding P . How lived experience expertise shapes research and development in digital mental health: a review of literature and insights. Wellcome; 2024. URL: https:\/\/apo.org.au\/node\/328006 [Accessed 04-11-2024]","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4932039"},{"issue":"1","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/ajs4.355","article-title":"Digital futures in mind: why lived experience collaboration must guide digital mental health technologies","volume":"60","author":"Gilbert","journal-title":"Aust J Social Issues"},{"issue":"6","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15060191","article-title":"In-depth co-design of mental health monitoring technologies by people with lived experience","volume":"15","author":"Patrickson","journal-title":"Future Internet"}],"container-title":["JMIR Human Factors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e85518","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:25:47Z","timestamp":1785536747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e85518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/85518","relation":{},"ISSN":["2292-9495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2292-9495","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"article-number":"v13i1e85518"}}