{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:44:03Z","timestamp":1785545043659,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem associated with frequent hospitalizations, high mortality, and substantial health care costs. Self-care is fundamental to improving health outcomes; yet, self-care is commonly poor among patients with HF. SMS text messaging interventions may provide a simple, scalable, and accessible strategy to support HF self-care, particularly among older adults who may face barriers to using more complex digital health technologies. However, the efficacy of text messaging as a standalone intervention for patients with HF remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This protocol paper describes the rationale and design of a pilot randomized controlled trial examining the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of an individually Tailored Text Messaging Intervention to Improve Self-Care in Adults with HF (Text4HF).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study is a single-site, stage I, parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Participants (n=30) are community-dwelling adults aged 50 years or older with stage C HF and suboptimal self-care, defined as a score of 3 or less on at least 2 items of the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI v7.2). Participants are randomized (1:1) to either a 12-week tailored text messaging intervention (Text4HF) plus usual care or usual care alone. Text messages are triggered based on patient responses to validated instruments assessing evidence-based, modifiable behavioral factors of HF self-care. Feasibility (recruitment and retention) and acceptability of the intervention are assessed as key process outcomes. The main exploratory patient-reported outcome is HF self-care (SCHFI v7.2). Other patient-reported outcomes include medication adherence, adherence to a heart-healthy diet, HF knowledge, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, and health beliefs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n This study was funded in June 2022, and participant recruitment began in September 2024. A total of 26 participants have been enrolled and randomized to the intervention (n=13) and control (n=13) groups. Participants have a mean age of 60 (SD 6.6) years, 46% (12\/26) are female, and 73% (19\/26) identify as non-Hispanic Black. Half of the participants are individuals with reduced ejection fraction. Study completion is anticipated in June 2026.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This protocol describes an important step toward evaluating a scalable, low-cost text messaging intervention designed to improve self-care in patients with HF. Study findings will provide critical data on feasibility and acceptability to guide a future fully powered efficacy trial of Text4HF.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/86667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:30:08Z","timestamp":1781706608000},"page":"e86667-e86667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tailored Text Messaging Intervention to Improve Self-Care in Patients With Heart Failure (Text4HF): Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan W","family":"Leigh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3739-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan J","family":"Pressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4367-6396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben S","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2552-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayank","family":"Kansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mia","family":"Cajita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyros","family":"Kitsiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.012","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"79","author":"Heidenreich","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2025.07.007","article-title":"HF STATS 2025: heart failure epidemiology and outcomes statistics an updated 2025 report from the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"32","author":"Writing Committee Members","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2024.07.001","article-title":"HF STATS 2024: heart failure epidemiology and outcomes statistics an updated 2024 report from the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"31","author":"Bozkurt","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"4","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008335","article-title":"Trends in 30-and 90-day readmission rates for heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Khan","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"3","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.123.009999","article-title":"Cost of cardiovascular disease event and cardiovascular disease treatment-related complication hospitalizations in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Tajeu","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"4","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001258","article-title":"Forecasting the economic burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States through 2050: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"150","author":"Kazi","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2024.104980","article-title":"Effectiveness of a nurse practitioner-led collaborative health care model on self-care, functional status, rehospitalization and medical costs in heart failure patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"162","author":"Chen","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"12","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192628","article-title":"State of the science: promoting self-care in persons with heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"120","author":"Riegel","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.103909","article-title":"Effects of self-management interventions on heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - reprint","volume":"116","author":"Zhao","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"9","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/38697","article-title":"Effectiveness of eHealth self-management interventions in patients with heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Liu","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608231209220","article-title":"Nonpharmacological interventions for preventing rehospitalization among patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Alnomasy","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000001083","article-title":"The effect of distance education on self-care in patients with heart failure in the chronic or stable phase: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Sun","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000244","article-title":"The situation-specific theory of heart failure self-care: revised and updated","volume":"31","author":"Riegel","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2008","article-title":"Self-care of heart failure patients: practical management recommendations from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"23","author":"Jaarsma","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.10.001","article-title":"Confidence in self-care after heart failure hospitalization","volume":"81","author":"Hashimoto","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024246","article-title":"Intervention adherence in REHAB-HF: predictors and relationship with physical function, quality of life, and clinical events","volume":"11","author":"Nelson","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.123.010211","article-title":"Association of medication adherence and health status in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from the CHAMP-HF registry","volume":"17","author":"El-Zein","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-04001-y","article-title":"Assessment of adherence to treatment recommendations among patients with heart failure: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Kukulska","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"21","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.029284","article-title":"Patient awareness of heart failure diagnosis: a community study","volume":"12","author":"Shropshire","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"36","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000961","article-title":"Heart failure knowledge, symptom perception, and symptom management in patients with heart failure","volume":"38","author":"Wu","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-026-04291-x","article-title":"Self-care and self-efficacy in self-care behaviors of older adults with multiple chronic conditions living in low-middle income country: an observational study","volume":"25","author":"Arapi","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcrp.2023.200234","article-title":"Medication adherence in adults after hospitalization for heart failure: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Huber","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2025.100426","article-title":"The process of self-care in patients with heart failure after nurse-assisted remote patient monitoring: a qualitative longitudinal approach","volume":"9","author":"\u00d8strem","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000919","article-title":"The situation-specific theory of heart failure self-care: an update on the problem, person, and environmental factors influencing heart failure self-care","volume":"37","author":"Riegel","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"19","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196200","article-title":"Heart failure remote monitoring: a review and implementation how-to","volume":"12","author":"Kobe","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.17925\/HI.2025.19.2.6","article-title":"eHealth-supported self-management and telemonitoring in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"19","author":"Rampengan","journal-title":"Heart Int"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2023.100149","article-title":"Self-care management and experiences of using telemonitoring as support when living with hypertension or heart failure: a descriptive qualitative study","volume":"5","author":"Strandberg","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud Adv"},{"issue":"8","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvad019","article-title":"Effects of remote patient management on self-care behaviour in heart failure patients: results from the randomized TIM-HF2 trial","volume":"22","author":"Deckwart","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.02.015","article-title":"Effectiveness of mobile health technology interventions for patients with heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Kitsiou","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztab005","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of the uptake of digital health technology in cardiovascular care: a systematic scoping review","volume":"2","author":"Whitelaw","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/31982","article-title":"Smartphone ownership and interest in mobile health technologies for self-care among patients with chronic heart failure: cross-sectional survey study","volume":"6","author":"Leigh","journal-title":"JMIR Cardio"},{"issue":"1","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01028-5","article-title":"The impact of using reinforcement learning to personalize communication on medication adherence: findings from the REINFORCE trial","volume":"7","author":"Lauffenburger","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105103","article-title":"Development and evaluation of DiabeText, a personalized mHealth intervention to support medication adherence and lifestyle change behaviour in patients with type 2 diabetes in Spain: a mixed-methods phase II pragmatic randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"176","author":"Zamanillo-Campos","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"6","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2025-005218","article-title":"Text messaging interventions are associated with reductions in HbA1c among patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Pirouzmand","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.41342","article-title":"Text messaging and video stories to support hypertension self-management in Black Veterans: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Cutrona","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahjo.2023.100253","article-title":"Text My BP Meds NOLA: a pilot study of TEXT-messaging and social support to increase hypertension medication adherence","volume":"26","author":"Ferdinand","journal-title":"Am Heart J Plus"},{"issue":"9","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24527","article-title":"Effectiveness of text messaging interventions on blood pressure control among patients with hypertension: systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Tam","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.7064","article-title":"Text messages with financial incentives for men with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"332","author":"Hoddinott","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2025.2512154","article-title":"The effect of behavioural changes via text messaging on weight loss in women with overweight and obesity","volume":"30","author":"Duman","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1177\/15248399231213347","article-title":"Tailor Made: a pilot virtual weight loss intervention individually tailored for African American men","volume":"26","author":"Griffith","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2021.106433","article-title":"Patient-centered mobile health technology intervention to improve self-care in patients with chronic heart failure: protocol for a feasibility randomized controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Kitsiou","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/ppar\/prab034","article-title":"Implementation science at the National Institute on Aging: the principles of it","volume":"32","author":"Onken","journal-title":"Public Policy Aging Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613497932","article-title":"Reenvisioning clinical science: unifying the discipline to improve the public health","volume":"2","author":"Onken","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081477","article-title":"SPIRIT 2025 statement: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials","volume":"389","author":"Chan","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.22083","article-title":"The self-care of heart failure index version 7.2: further psychometric testing","volume":"43","author":"Vellone","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500203","article-title":"Social learning theory and the Health Belief Model","volume":"15","author":"Rosenstock","journal-title":"Health Educ Q"},{"key":"R49","unstructured":"Alyafei A Easton-Carr R . The health belief model of behavior change. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2025. [Medline: 39163427]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4212\/cjhp.3692","article-title":"Patients\u2019 beliefs about their heart failure medications: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"78","author":"Dhanoa","journal-title":"Can J Hosp Pharm"},{"issue":"11","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4563","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14981","article-title":"Effectiveness of self-care educational programme on clinical outcomes and self-care behaviour among heart failure peoples-a randomized controlled trial: study protocol","volume":"77","author":"D\u2019Souza","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000001053","article-title":"Mediation by fatalism of the association between symptom burden and self-care management in patients with heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Thapa","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2944","article-title":"Knowledge about self-efficacy and outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"25","author":"Yang","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-02867-7","article-title":"The effectiveness of nursing interventions to improve self-care for patients with heart failure at home: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Longhini","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000001146","article-title":"Measuring self-care: a description of the family of disease-specific and generic instruments based on the theory of self-care of chronic illness","volume":"40","author":"Riegel","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.70132","article-title":"Factors influencing self-care among patients with heart failure based on the situation-specific theory: a cross-sectional study","volume":"32","author":"Kim","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15420\/usc.2024.55","article-title":"Gaps in heart failure care: the need for effective communication and health literacy-concordant patient education","volume":"19","author":"Latif","journal-title":"US Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00005082-200007000-00007","article-title":"Heart Messages: a tailored message intervention for improving heart failure outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Bennett","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55586","article-title":"Patient-centered mhealth intervention to improve self-care in patients with chronic heart failure: phase 1 randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Kitsiou","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"Suppl_3","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.152.suppl_3.4369810","article-title":"Abstract 4369810: pilot randomized controlled trial of a patient-centered mHealth intervention to improve self-care adherence in patients with heart failure","volume":"152","author":"Kitsiou","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02895958","article-title":"One size does not fit all: the case for tailoring print materials","volume":"21","author":"Kreuter","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.125.012936","article-title":"Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure: twenty years in review, lessons learned, and the road ahead","volume":"18","author":"Tang","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"R63","unstructured":"Discharge packet for patients diagnosed with heart failure. American Heart Association; 2022. URL: https:\/\/www.heart.org\/-\/media\/Files\/Professional\/Quality-Improvement\/Get-With-the-Guidelines\/Get-With-The-Guidelines-HF\/Educational-Materials\/DS18660_ENG_Patient-Discharge-Packet_2022.pdf [Accessed 26-06-2026]"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373521998847","article-title":"Readability of patient education materials from high-impact medical journals: a 20-year analysis","volume":"8","author":"Rooney","journal-title":"J Patient Exp"},{"issue":"1","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03039-8","article-title":"Heart Failure-Smart Life: a randomized controlled trial of a mobile app for self-management in patients with heart failure","volume":"23","author":"Choi","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28139","article-title":"Experiences of using a self-management mobile app among individuals with heart failure: qualitative study","volume":"4","author":"Schmaderer","journal-title":"JMIR Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/s0147-9563(97)90084-4","article-title":"Beliefs about medication and dietary compliance in people with heart failure: an instrument development study","volume":"26","author":"Bennett","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"3","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1067\/mhl.2001.114193","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the compliance belief scales among patients with heart failure","volume":"30","author":"Bennett","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"1","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2008.00400.x","article-title":"Development and evaluation of the Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS) among low-literacy patients with chronic disease","volume":"12","author":"Kripalani","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2022.01.017","article-title":"A scale development study for evaluating the dietary behaviors of patients with heart failure","volume":"53","author":"Boy","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitsiou S Thomas M Marai GE et al. Development of an innovative mhealth platform for remote physical activity monitoring and health coaching of cardiac rehabilitation patients. Presented at: 2017 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI); Feb 16-19, 2017; Orland, FL, USA. [doi: 10.1109\/BHI.2017.7897223]","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI.2017.7897223"},{"issue":"1","key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2009.07.002","article-title":"The technology acceptance model: its past and its future in health care","volume":"43","author":"Holden","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"R73","unstructured":"Patient version SCHFI \u2013 English v7.2. Self Care Measures. URL: https:\/\/self-care-measures.com\/project\/patient-version-schfi-english-v7-2\/ [Accessed 06-04-2022]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90986-6","article-title":"Assessment of patient outcome with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire: reliability and validity during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pimobendan. Pimobendan Multicenter Research Group","volume":"124","author":"Rector","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"12","key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)90582-w","article-title":"Validity of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire as a measure of therapeutic response to enalapril or placebo","volume":"71","author":"Rector","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e3181aff0b0","article-title":"Development, psychometric testing, and revision of the Atlanta Heart Failure Knowledge Test","volume":"24","author":"Reilly","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000521288","article-title":"Charlson comorbidity index: a critical review of clinimetric properties","volume":"91","author":"Charlson","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"6","key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq433","article-title":"Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries","volume":"173","author":"Quan","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","article-title":"The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population","volume":"114","author":"Kroenke","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2010931","article-title":"Measuring depressive symptoms in heart failure: validity and reliability of the patient health questionnaire-8","volume":"20","author":"Pressler","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S146397","article-title":"Guidance for using pilot studies to inform the design of intervention trials with continuous outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Bell","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280215588241","article-title":"Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable","volume":"25","author":"Whitehead","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12380","article-title":"Post-discharge short message service improves short-term clinical outcome and self-care behaviour in chronic heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Chen","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"R86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/32550","article-title":"A Text Messaging-Enhanced Intervention for African American Patients With Heart Failure, Depression, and Anxiety (TXT COPE-HF): Protocol for a Pilot Feasibility Study","volume":"11","author":"Cornelius","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2025.2541780","article-title":"Feasibility and acceptability of a text messaging enhanced intervention (TXT COPE-HF) for African American patients with heart failure, depression, and anxiety during COVID","volume":"11","author":"Cornelius","journal-title":"Cogent Soc Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.4501","article-title":"Multifaceted strategy based on automated text messaging after a recent heart failure admission: the MESSAGE-HF randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Rohde","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100786","article-title":"Sex diversity in heart failure clinical trials: actions speak louder than words","volume":"3","author":"Blumer","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100743","article-title":"Underrepresentation of women in reduced ejection heart failure clinical trials with improved mortality or hospitalization","volume":"3","author":"Ekpo","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"issue":"8","key":"R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.29104","article-title":"Participation of women in cardiovascular trials from 2017 to 2023: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Rivera","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahjo.2022.100093","article-title":"Representation of women in heart failure clinical trials: barriers to enrollment and strategies to close the gap","volume":"13","author":"Reza","journal-title":"Am Heart J Plus"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e86667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:25:26Z","timestamp":1785536726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e86667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":92,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/86667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"article-number":"v15i17e86667"}}