{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:50:03Z","timestamp":1791492603186,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Mothers, especially those with low socioeconomic status and minoritized identities, encounter barriers to participating in physical activity (PA), a behavior that improves health outcomes. Moms on the Move (MOMs) is a community-based and theory-informed intervention developed to address the PA barriers endorsed by low-income Black and Hispanic mothers. This intervention offered in-person group PA sessions led by a female fitness instructor and held during children\u2019s sports practices. The MOMs intervention was piloted in 2022 and 2023; the intervention in 2023 was longer (8-weeks, vs 6-weeks) and included goal-setting calls and written materials.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study examined the qualitative data from exit interviews of both pilot studies to explore participants\u2019 engagement and satisfaction with the intervention. We also sought to identify perceived benefits and barriers to participation, in addition to recommendations for future interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Exit interviews of 19 participants who had enrolled in at least 1 MOMs pilot study were analyzed with directed content analysis. Interviews were approximately 16 minutes on average. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) were incorporated as theoretical frameworks for data coding and analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Around half the participants identified as Black or Hispanic and reported an annual household income of \u2264\n \n US $40,000. Participants were generally satisfied with the intervention, noting benefits including increased motivation to maintain PA beyond the duration of the intervention. Barriers included scheduling conflicts and inclement weather. Three theory-consistent themes framed participants\u2019 evaluation of intervention success: accountability, accessibility, and ability. Accountability referred to support from the in-person group that facilitated motivation. Accessibility was described as the appreciation for resources provided by the intervention, including the provision of exercise equipment. Finally, participants discussed how their shared identity with other participants increased their sense of ability (or self-efficacy) to engage in PA. This was especially true for participants who described little to no engagement in PA prior to the intervention.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n To our knowledge, the MOMs intervention is the first of its kind: it delivers an in-person group PA intervention to high-risk mothers and women caregivers of children during their children\u2019s sports practices. Findings from this study support the intervention\u2019s delivery and integration to improve health behaviors, including PA, among mothers with intersectional and marginalized identities from the perspective of participants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/87120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T16:20:07Z","timestamp":1785946807000},"page":"e87120-e87120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Physical Activity Intervention for High-Risk Mothers Whose Children Play Sports: Qualitative Analysis of Exit Interviews From Two Pilot Studies"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9027-0762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sugandha K","family":"Gupta-Louis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8579-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belinda","family":"O'Hagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4327-1176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Raisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4698-6309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C","family":"Onu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9440-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bess H","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-3545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayla","family":"von Ash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"119","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.33607\/bjshs.v4i119.1015","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 physical activity in the new millennium: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Juwono","journal-title":"Balt j sport health sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.09.009","article-title":"Maternal inactivity: 45-year trends in mothers\u2019 use of time","volume":"88","author":"Archer","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000403","article-title":"Comparison of cardiovascular health between parents and non-parents in NHANES 2011-2018","volume":"47","author":"Gregory","journal-title":"Fam Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.11.015","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to healthy eating and physical activity postpartum: a qualitative systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Ryan","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-023-01411-7","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to physical activity for young adult women: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature","volume":"20","author":"Peng","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"Supplement_3","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab165.535","article-title":"A systematic review of mother-daughter interventions targeting physical activity","volume":"31","author":"Brennan","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.17161\/kjm.vol15.17592","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic disparities and determinants of sufficient physical activity levels","volume":"15","author":"Patel","journal-title":"Kans J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23189-y","article-title":"Understanding physical activity participation among underserved women: a mixed-methods cross sectional study using an ecological framework","volume":"25","author":"Ominyi","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/drs1.108.0465","article-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics","author":"Crenshaw","journal-title":"Fem Leg Theor"},{"issue":"5","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839916630504","article-title":"A qualitative examination of health barriers and facilitators among African American mothers in a subsidized housing community","volume":"17","author":"Cotter","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290227","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of physical activity among Latina immigrant and Mexican mothers living in the US and Mexico: a qualitative study","volume":"18","author":"P\u00e9rez-Flores","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-016-0718-7","article-title":"Motives and barriers for physical activity among low-income black single mothers","volume":"77","author":"Dlugonski","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"4","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2022.2051116","article-title":"\u201cI have to be the example\u201d: motherhood as a lens for understanding physical activity among low-income women","volume":"53","author":"MacNell","journal-title":"J Leis Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2021-0301","article-title":"Qualitative exploration of family influences on physical activity in Hispanic families","volume":"19","author":"John","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health Human Kinetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031071","article-title":"The family is my priority: how motherhood frames participation in physical activity in a group of mothers living in a low socioeconomic status area","volume":"19","author":"Wittels","journal-title":"Int j environ res public health"},{"issue":"12","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001370","article-title":"Pilot trial of a home-based physical activity program for African American women","volume":"49","author":"Pekmezi","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839918798819","article-title":"Physical activity maintenance following home-based, individually tailored print interventions for African American women","volume":"21","author":"Pekmezi","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.07.006","article-title":"The Seamos Saludables study: a randomized controlled physical activity trial of Latinas","volume":"45","author":"Marcus","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.08.004","article-title":"Using interactive Internet technology to promote physical activity in Latinas: rationale, design, and baseline findings of Pasos Hacia La Salud","volume":"44","author":"Marcus","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0385-7","article-title":"Pasos Hacia La Salud: a randomized controlled trial of an internet-delivered physical activity intervention for Latinas","volume":"13","author":"Marcus","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandura A . Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Sage; 1986. [doi: 10.4135\/9781446221129.n6]","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446221129.n6"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-12.1.38","article-title":"The transtheoretical model of health behavior change","volume":"12","author":"Prochaska","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"12","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12225","article-title":"Social cognitive theory and physical activity: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"15","author":"Young","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449808407422","article-title":"Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory","volume":"13","author":"Bandura","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2304_2","article-title":"The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exercise","volume":"23","author":"Marshall","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2024.2310050","article-title":"An exploratory study of mothers engaging in physical activity in rural communities","volume":"64","author":"Andreae","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"R27","first-page":"18","volume":"109","author":"von Ash","journal-title":"R I Med J (2013)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2025.100465","article-title":"Leveraging youth sports to deliver a physical activity intervention to mothers: feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a single-arm open pilot trial","volume":"5","author":"von Ash","journal-title":"AJPM Focus"},{"issue":"7","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000167","article-title":"Community-based participatory research (CBPR): towards equitable involvement of community in psychology research","volume":"73","author":"Collins","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.07.006","article-title":"Exploring parenting contexts of Latinx 2-to-5-year old children\u2019s sleep: qualitative evidence informing intervention development","volume":"54","author":"Kang","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.15406\/smdij.2020.04.00073","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in the contextual factors influencing infant sleep: a qualitative study","volume":"4","author":"Ash","journal-title":"Sleep Med Int J"},{"issue":"8","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2024.05.159","article-title":"Parent and provider feedback via exit interviews in a pilot randomized controlled trial, \u201cAutism Eats\u201d: a qualitative study","volume":"56","author":"Perez","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069251322321","article-title":"Pragmatic approaches to team-based qualitative analysis of study participants\u2019 exit interview data in a pragmatic clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Barnhill","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa152","article-title":"Comparing the use of direct observation, standardized patients and exit interviews in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of methods of assessing quality of primary care","volume":"36","author":"Aujla","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"9","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388","article-title":"Standards for reporting qualitative research","volume":"89","author":"O\u2019Brien","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"mar07 3","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffmann","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three approaches to qualitative content analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.45.2.7","article-title":"Predicting factors on modeling health behavior: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Leman","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145059","article-title":"Interdependence, interaction, and relationships","volume":"54","author":"Rusbult","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2008.00147.x","article-title":"Why we need interdependence theory","volume":"2","author":"Rusbult","journal-title":"Soc Personal Psychol"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci EL Ryan RM . Self-determination theory. In: Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology. Vol 1. 2012:416-436. [doi: 10.4135\/9781446249215.n21]","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446249215.n21"},{"issue":"4","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200405","article-title":"The health belief model and preventive health behavior","volume":"2","author":"Rosenstock","journal-title":"Health Educ Monogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0873-7","article-title":"The neighborhood social environment and physical activity: a systematic scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Kepper","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"12","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6189","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20126189","article-title":"The impact of the built environment and social environment on physical activity: a scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Wang","journal-title":"Int j environ res public health"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/65323","article-title":"Comparing synchronous and asynchronous remotely delivered lifestyle interventions: protocol for a randomized noninferiority trial","volume":"13","author":"Pagoto","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/51708","article-title":"Six-month outcomes of a theory- and technology-enhanced physical activity intervention for Latina women (Pasos Hacia La Salud II): randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Connell Bohlen","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2024.03.006","article-title":"Pasos Hacia La Salud II: a superiority RCT utilizing technology to promote physical activity in Latinas","volume":"67","author":"von Ash","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:11:22Z","timestamp":1791490282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e87120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/87120","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"article-number":"v10i119e87120"}}