{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:47:53Z","timestamp":1782841673472,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately 70% of survivors of stroke have problems with arm function. Physiotherapists assess arm functional range of motion (ROM) using either a goniometer or functional questionnaires, which lack objective accuracy and require a skilled physiotherapist. We developed the Track-UL algorithm based on a markerless motion capture system to measure arm ROM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to measure the agreement between our novel Track-UL algorithm and Kinovea software in assessing arm ROM during functional tasks in the laboratory and home settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Videos were recorded while 27 survivors of chronic stroke performed 4 functional tasks (forward reaching, arm abduction, moving the hand toward the mouth, and moving the hand toward the head) in the laboratory and at home. The videos were analyzed by 2 independent raters using the Track-UL algorithm and Kinovea software. The limits of agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found no clinically significant systematic bias in shoulder and elbow angle, with good agreement between the Track-UL algorithm and Kinovea software (assessed via Bland-Altman plots). The 95% limits of agreement were \u20133.18 to 6.41 degrees for the shoulder joint and \u22125.35 to 8.78 degrees for the elbow joint in the laboratory setting, and \u20136.21 to 3.62 degrees for the shoulder joint and \u22124.06 to 2.53 degrees for the elbow joint in the home setting. There was excellent absolute agreement between the measurement tools across all tasks and joints; intraclass correlation coefficient values ranged from 0.97 (95% CI 0.97-0.99) to 0.99 (95% CI 0.99-0.99;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.001 for both laboratory and home measurements).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The novel Track-UL algorithm is an accurate, valid, and easy tool that can be used to assess upper-limb ROM in survivors of stroke at clinics and potentially at home. This will support physiotherapists in remotely monitoring and adapting rehabilitation programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/87128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T20:23:10Z","timestamp":1778530990000},"page":"e87128-e87128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validity and Reliability of the Track-UL Algorithm Compared With Kinovea Software for Measuring Upper-Limb Functional Range of Motion in People After Stroke: Cross-Sectional Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6617-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatem","family":"Lazem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3453-5631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abi","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas C","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3602-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phaedra","family":"Leveridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8829-2217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maedeh","family":"Mansoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0748-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6071-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4349-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-5213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Dawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3238165","article-title":"Stroke in the 21st century: a snapshot of the burden, epidemiology, and quality of life","volume":"2018","author":"Donkor","journal-title":"Stroke Res Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2015.06.008","article-title":"Upper limb motor impairment after stroke","volume":"26","author":"Raghavan","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.749","article-title":"The distribution of muscular weakness in upper motor neuron lesions affecting the arm","volume":"112","author":"Colebatch","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.5.1737","article-title":"Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke","volume":"119","author":"O\u2019Dwyer","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(99)02298-2","article-title":"Deficits in the coordination of agonist and antagonist muscles in stroke patients: implications for normal motor control","volume":"853","author":"Levin","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.q498","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance","volume":"384","author":"Tang","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110280","article-title":"Repeated measurements of arm joint passive range of motion after stroke: interobserver reliability and sources of variation","volume":"92","author":"de Jong","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/154596802401105171","article-title":"The Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor recovery after stroke: a critical review of its measurement properties","volume":"16","author":"Gladstone","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"4","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.83944","article-title":"Validity, reliability, and efficiency of a standard goniometer, medical inclinometer, and builder\u2019s inclinometer","volume":"18","author":"Hanks","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199505000-00017","article-title":"Range-of-motion measurements","volume":"77","author":"Lea","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.2644","article-title":"The effect of proficiency level on measurement error of range of motion","volume":"28","author":"Akizuki","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.5.940","article-title":"Compensatory strategies for reaching in stroke","volume":"123","author":"Cirstea","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-6611.196778","article-title":"Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of Kinovea software for measurement of shoulder range of motion","volume":"21","author":"Elrahim","journal-title":"Bull Fac Phys Ther"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11795727211022330","article-title":"The potential of computer vision-based marker-less human motion analysis for rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Hellsten","journal-title":"Rehabil Process Outcome"},{"issue":"6","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1049\/htl2.12038","article-title":"Validity and feasibility of remote measurement systems for functional movement and posture assessments in people with axial spondylarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Hannink","journal-title":"Healthc Technol Lett"},{"issue":"22","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227334","article-title":"Knee4Life: empowering knee recovery after total knee replacement through digital health protocol","volume":"24","author":"Mansoubi","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12995","article-title":"Applications and limitations of current markerless motion capture methods for clinical gait biomechanics","volume":"10","author":"Wade","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/636123","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of the upper limb motor strategies in stroke patients as a tool towards advanced neurorehabilitation strategies: a preliminary study","volume":"2014","author":"Aprile","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216448","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Kinovea program in obtaining angles and distances using coordinates in 4 perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Puig-Div\u00ed","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113154","article-title":"Reliability of Kinovea software and agreement with a three-dimensional motion system for gait analysis in healthy subjects","volume":"20","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"Lugaresi C Tang J Nash H et al. MediaPipe: a framework for perceiving and processing reality. Presented at: Third Workshop on Computer Vision for AR\/VR at IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2019; Jun 17, 2019; Long Beach, CA. URL: https:\/\/research.google\/pubs\/mediapipe-a-framework-for-perceiving-and-processing-reality\/ [Accessed 21-04-2026]"},{"key":"R22","unstructured":"Bazarevsky V Grishchenko I Raveendran K Zhu T Zhang F Grundmann M . BlazePose: on-device real-time body pose tracking. arXiv. Preprint posted online on Jun 17, 2020. [doi: 10.48550\/arXiv.2006.10204]"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-026-21256-z","article-title":"Markerless joint angle estimation using MediaPipe with a rapid setup for joint moment calculation","volume":"85","author":"Akturk","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2929257","article-title":"OpenPose: realtime multi-person 2D pose estimation using part affinity fields","volume":"43","author":"Cao","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"10","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011462","article-title":"OpenCap: human movement dynamics from smartphone videos","volume":"19","author":"Uhlrich","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"8476","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"327","author":"Martin Bland","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/76.10.1109","article-title":"Health status measures: strategies and analytic methods for assessing change scores","volume":"76","author":"Stratford","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/76.4.359","article-title":"Defining the minimum level of detectable change for the Roland-Morris Questionnaire","volume":"76","author":"Stratford","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3109\/09593980903094230","article-title":"Reliability of shoulder range of motion comparing a goniometer to a digital level","volume":"26","author":"Mullaney","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.112826","article-title":"Reliability and validity analysis of MediaPipe-based measurement system for some human rehabilitation motions","volume":"214","author":"Latreche","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-022-03910-0","article-title":"Yoga pose classification: a CNN and MediaPipe inspired deep learning approach for real-world application","volume":"14","author":"Garg","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Human Comput"},{"issue":"7","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2022.0130709","article-title":"Mono camera-based human skeletal tracking for squat exercise abnormality detection using double exponential smoothing","volume":"13","author":"Hisham","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66221-8","article-title":"Combined MediaPipe and YOLOv5 range of motion assessment system for spinal diseases and frozen shoulder","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01153-1","article-title":"Validation and application of computer vision algorithms for video-based tremor analysis","volume":"7","author":"Friedrich","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pornpipatsakul K Chuengwutigool W Chaichaowarat R Foongchomcheay A . Bridging exercise monitoring system using RGB camera for stroke rehabilitation. Presented at: 2023 IEEE R10 Conference (TENCON); Oct 31 to Nov 3, 2023; Chiang Mai, Thailand. [doi: 10.1109\/TENCON58879.2023.10322445]","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON58879.2023.10322445"},{"issue":"2","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020351","article-title":"STASISM: a versatile serious gaming multi-sensor platform for personalized telerehabilitation and telemonitoring","volume":"24","author":"Kushnir","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683231179173","article-title":"Measuring arm and hand joint kinematics to estimate impairment during a functional reach and grasp task after stroke","volume":"37","author":"Khanna","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"}],"container-title":["JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rehab.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e87128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:14:39Z","timestamp":1782839679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rehab.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e87128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/87128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2369-2529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2369-2529","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"article-number":"v13i4e87128"}}