{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:43:04Z","timestamp":1785544984232,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Web-based surveys involving self-reported questionnaires are vulnerable to fraudulent responses. Advancements in artificial intelligence and bots have introduced additional challenges to preventing and identifying fraudulent responses to online questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to describe our experiences with fraudulent responses, strategies for preventing and identifying fraudulent responses, lessons learned when conducting a web-based survey with adults living with Long COVID, and recommendations for web-based survey research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Long COVID and Episodic Disability Study is an international community-engaged study among adults living with Long COVID in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We conducted a longitudinal web-based survey, with online administration of a self-reported questionnaire at 2 timepoints (Time 1 and Time 2), 1 week apart. We recruited through Long COVID community groups using social media, emails, and word of mouth. The survey was disrupted by fraudulent responses, including bots. To defend data integrity, we implemented the following strategies: (1) pausing our initial launch (Wave 1), (2) developing and implementing screening criteria to identify fraudulent responses, and (3) relaunching the web-based survey (Wave 2) with revised recruitment strategies and questionnaire design to prevent and identify fraudulent responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We received 4663 responses for Time 1 and 1281 responses for Time 2, of which we retained 798 of 4663 (17%) responses and 629 of 1281 (49%) responses. Strategies for preventing fraudulent responses included enabling survey protection features in survey software, shutting down compromised survey links, avoiding recruitment via public social media groups, and removing mention of a financial incentive from recruitment materials. Strategies for identifying fraudulent responses included monitoring response completion times, start and end time stamps, geolocation, and screening for suspicious email address characteristics and duplicates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our lessons learned fell into the following three areas: (1) survey-design and implementation to prevent and identify fraudulent and bot-generated responses, (2) recruitment strategies to mitigate the risk of disruption by bots, and (3) responding to disruptions caused by fraudulent and bot responses. We recommend the following tactics to prevent and mitigate the risks of fraudulent and bot responses when administering online web-based questionnaires: (1) review current literature and connect with researchers and Research Ethics Boards about strategies before launching, (2) invest in survey software with rigorous information security technology, (3) use bot-detection features available in survey software before launching, (4) design questionnaire items to identify bots and fraudulent actors, (5) tailor criteria for identifying fraudulent and bot responses to the characteristics of the target population, (6) avoid recruitment in public social media groups, (7) engage community leaders in tailored and targeted recruitment, (8) avoid advertising incentives, (9) shut down compromised links rapidly, (10) communicate with the Research Ethics Board about disruptions, and (11) combine automated and manual methods to identify potentially fraudulent responses on time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/88838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:30:07Z","timestamp":1780497007000},"page":"e88838-e88838","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Battling the Bots and Defending Against Fraudulent Responses in an International Community-Engaged Web-Based Survey With People Living With Long COVID: Methodological Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0331-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiera","family":"McDuff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7166-0247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tai-Te","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4956-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren A","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7705-421X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica M","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3977-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo","family":"Chan Carusone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7283-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6475-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imelda","family":"O'Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1097-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"St. Clair-Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7089-0665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7970-0721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susie","family":"Goulding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5423-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3261-6737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"McCorkell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0307-7498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9812-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"O'Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6933-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-5143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9288-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciaran","family":"Bannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colm","family":"Bergin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9653-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1139-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Nathanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela M","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1165-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaimie","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1632-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly K","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Homepage. Qualtrics. URL: http:\/\/www.qualtrics.com [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Homepage. SurveyMonkey. URL: https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yb8cu7ps [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"103208","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"4","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-021-01252-1","article-title":"Ensuring survey research data integrity in the era of internet bots","volume":"56","author":"Griffin","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"issue":"1","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12200","article-title":"Detecting, preventing, and responding to \u201cfraudsters\u201d in internet research: ethics and tradeoffs","volume":"43","author":"Teitcher","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee R Fielding N Blank G . Online research methods in the social sciences: an editorial introduction. In: The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods. SAGE; 2017:1-16. [doi: 10.4135\/9781473957992.n1]","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473957992.n1"},{"issue":"11","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6326","article-title":"Comparing Twitter and online panels for survey recruitment of e-cigarette users and smokers","volume":"18","author":"Guillory","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2021.1936617","article-title":"Bots and nots: safeguarding online survey research with underrepresented and diverse populations","volume":"13","author":"Bybee","journal-title":"Psychol Sex"},{"issue":"10","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv007","article-title":"Invited commentary: recruiting for epidemiologic studies using social media","volume":"181","author":"Allsworth","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2024.151854","article-title":"Online recruitment for an online survey study: our experience of dealing with fraudsters","volume":"80","author":"Lei","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517744845","article-title":"Conducting anonymous, incentivized, online surveys with sexual and gender minority adolescents: lessons learned from a national polyvictimization study","volume":"33","author":"Sterzing","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-023-01733-5","article-title":"The inaccuracy of data from online surveys: a cautionary analysis","volume":"58","author":"Agans","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen KB . Data quality in online environments. In: The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods. SAGE; 2017:38-54. URL: https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/2p4ju7x4 [Accessed 24-06-2026]","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473957992.n3"},{"issue":"2","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2024-003208","article-title":"It\u2019s raining bots: how easier access to internet surveys has created the perfect storm","volume":"14","author":"Caven","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual"},{"issue":"10","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv006","article-title":"Recruiting online: lessons from a longitudinal survey of contraception and pregnancy intentions of young Australian women","volume":"181","author":"Harris","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23021","article-title":"Threats of bots and other bad actors to data quality following research participant recruitment through social media: cross-sectional questionnaire","volume":"22","author":"Pozzar","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/aepp.13353","article-title":"Battling bots: experiences and strategies to mitigate fraudulent responses in online surveys","volume":"45","author":"Goodrich","journal-title":"Applied Eco Perspectives Pol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1035-6","article-title":"Methods to detect low quality data and its implication for psychological research","volume":"50","author":"Buchanan","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205979912110504","DOI":"10.1177\/20597991211050467","article-title":"Suspicious and fraudulent online survey participation: Introducing the REAL framework","volume":"14","author":"Lawlor","journal-title":"Methodological Innovations"},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"What is a bot? How do bots work? FORTINET. URL: https:\/\/www.fortinet.com\/resources\/cyberglossary\/bot [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"issue":"5","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.16.5.p472","article-title":"Got bots? Practical recommendations to protect online survey data from bot attacks","volume":"16","author":"Storozuk","journal-title":"TQMP"},{"issue":"4","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/svac023","article-title":"Threats to online surveys: recognizing, detecting, and preventing survey bots","volume":"46","author":"Xu","journal-title":"Soc Work Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X12443097","article-title":"Data quality in web-based HIV\/AIDS research: handling invalid and suspicious data","volume":"24","author":"Bauermeister","journal-title":"Field methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000479","article-title":"Participant carelessness and fraud: consequences for clinical research and potential solutions","volume":"129","author":"Chandler","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"R26","unstructured":"Hallberg L . Understanding survey bots and tools for data validation: strategies for identifying possibly fraudulent responses. The University of Kansas. 2022. URL: https:\/\/lifespan.ku.edu\/news\/article\/2022\/07\/27\/online-surveys-and-data-collection-tools [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/60184","article-title":"From doubt to confidence-overcoming fraudulent submissions by bots and other takers of a web-based survey","volume":"26","author":"Hardesty","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Guidance for mitigating fraud and safeguarding data integrity in online research. Centre for Research & Innovation Support. 2025. URL: https:\/\/cris.utoronto.ca\/guides\/mitigating-fraud-online-research [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R29","volume":"7","author":"King-Nyberg","journal-title":"J Soc Thought"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2023.1277635","article-title":"Detecting the corruption of online questionnaires by artificial intelligence","volume":"10","author":"Lebrun","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"issue":"6","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.9734\/ajmah\/2025\/v23i61246","article-title":"The role of AI in epidemiological research: applications, benefits, and risks in modern public health","volume":"23","author":"Muley","journal-title":"Asian J Med Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/38550","article-title":"Preventing and protecting against internet research fraud in anonymous web-based research: protocol for the development and implementation of an anonymous web-based data integrity plan","volume":"11","author":"Hohn","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/68092","article-title":"Increasing rigor in online health surveys through the reduction of fraudulent data","volume":"27","author":"Ng","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2024-113170","article-title":"Identifying and counteracting fraudulent responses in online recruitment for health research: a scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Comachio","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-060826","article-title":"Long COVID and episodic disability: advancing the conceptualisation, measurement and knowledge of episodic disability among people living with Long COVID - protocol for a mixed-methods study","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Brien","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-011276","article-title":"Conceptualising the episodic nature of disability among adults living with Long COVID: a qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Brien","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305187","article-title":"Episodic disability framework in the context of Long COVID: findings from a community-engaged international qualitative study","volume":"20","author":"O\u2019Brien","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R39","unstructured":"COVID Long Haulers Support Group Canada (Goulding). COVID Long Haulers Support Group Canada. 2021. URL: https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/920314451799658\/ [Accessed 06-07-2026]"},{"key":"R40","unstructured":"Homepage. Long Covid Advocacy Ireland. URL: https:\/\/longcovidadvocacyireland.com [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"key":"R41","unstructured":"Homepage. Long COVID Physio. URL: https:\/\/longcovid.physio\/ [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"key":"R42","unstructured":"Long COVID Support. 2021. URL: https:\/\/www.longcovid.org [Accessed 26-06-2026]"},{"key":"R43","unstructured":"Homepage. Patient-Led Research Collaborative. URL: https:\/\/patientresearchcovid19.com\/ [Accessed 12-06-2026]"},{"key":"R44","unstructured":"Homepage. Meta. URL: https:\/\/www.meta.com\/about\/company-info\/ [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"key":"R45","unstructured":"Homepage. X. URL: https:\/\/about.x.com\/ [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08958-7","article-title":"Episodic disability questionnaire (EDQ) measurement properties among adults living with HIV in Canada, Ireland, United Kingdom, and United States","volume":"24","author":"O\u2019Brien","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R47","unstructured":"Measuring health and disability: manual for WHO disability assessment schedule (\u200eWHODAS 2.0)\u200e. World Health Organization. 2012. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/measuring-health-and-disability-manual-for-who-disability-assessment-schedule-(-whodas-2.0) [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.5.461","article-title":"The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning","volume":"180","author":"Mundt","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","article-title":"Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L)","volume":"20","author":"Herdman","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4253","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27878","article-title":"The modified COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRSm) patient-reported outcome measure for Long COVID or Post-COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Sivan","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R51","first-page":"235","volume":"42","author":"Yarrish","journal-title":"Behav Ther (N Y N Y)"},{"key":"R52","unstructured":"The R Project for Statistical Computing. The R Project for Statistical Computing. URL: https:\/\/www.R-project.org [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/60548","article-title":"Effective recruitment or bot attack? The challenge of internet-based research surveys and recommendations to reduce risk and improve robustness","volume":"14","author":"Donkin","journal-title":"Interact J Med Res"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47091","article-title":"Assessing and improving data integrity in web-based surveys: comparison of fraud detection systems in a COVID-19 study","volume":"8","author":"Bonett","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z Zhu S Mink J Xiong A Song L Wang G . Beyond bot detection: combating fraudulent online survey takers\u2731. In: Wang G , editor. Presented at: WWW \u201922: Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022; Apr 25-29, 2022; Virtual Event, Lyon France. [doi: 10.1145\/3485447.3512230]","DOI":"10.1145\/3485447.3512230"},{"issue":"3","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10508422.2025.2518270","article-title":"Bots, scammers, and fraudulent responders: a year of disrupted data collection","volume":"36","author":"M\u00e9nard","journal-title":"Ethics Behav"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2023.112289","article-title":"Bots are the new fraud: a post-hoc exploration of statistical methods to identify bot-generated responses in a corrupt data set","volume":"213","author":"Irish","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"5","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1103-y","article-title":"Detecting computer-generated random responding in questionnaire-based data: a comparison of seven indices","volume":"51","author":"Dupuis","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"R59","unstructured":"Moss A Litman L . After the bot scare: understanding what\u2019s been happening with data collection on MTurk and how to stop it. CloudResearch. 2018. URL: https:\/\/www.cloudresearch.com\/resources\/blog\/after-the-bot-scare-understanding-whats-been-happening-with-data-collection-on-mturk-and-how-to-stop-it\/ [Accessed 24-06-2026]"},{"issue":"8","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2025.2273","article-title":"Financial incentives to increase diversity of older participants in a memory concerns registry: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Jacobson","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"4","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70365","article-title":"Community engagement in Long COVID research: process, evaluation and recommendations from the Long COVID and episodic disability study","volume":"28","author":"O\u2019Hara","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"issue":"1","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acae042","article-title":"Neurocognitive impairment in Long COVID: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Panagea","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16181","article-title":"Cognitive domains affected post-COVID-19; a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Fanshawe","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e88838","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:24:49Z","timestamp":1785536689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e88838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":63,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/88838","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"article-number":"v28i2e88838"}}