{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:59:22Z","timestamp":1791403162802,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Hum Factors"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Inclusive physical education (PE) plays a vital role in promoting participation and development among students with different abilities. However, many teachers do not have adequate tools to modify PE activities to meet these diverse needs. In addition, parents are essential partners, as their involvement helps reinforce strategies and provide useful information about their children. While online platforms provide a practical way to deliver such solutions, only a few have been intentionally created to support both teachers and parents in implementing inclusive PE learning. To address this gap, we codeveloped an online platform with adapted PE experts that digitizes an inclusion screening tool and delivers personalized, evidence-based inclusion strategies and resources to teachers and parents.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to develop an online platform that provides inclusion strategies for PE teachers and to examine how teachers and parents perceived its usability, acceptability, and overall usefulness using a mixed methods approach.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A mixed methods design was used to evaluate the platform between September 2024 and March 2025. PE teachers (n=8) and parents of children with disabilities (n=8) were recruited through convenience sampling via national social media outreach and completed individual usability testing sessions via Zoom. Usability was assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS), the Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS), and task performance metrics. Semistructured interviews were conducted to explore user experiences. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, while qualitative data were analyzed using codebook thematic analysis, with findings integrated using joint display analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n All participants successfully completed the assigned tasks, with a few instances of minor difficulty (14 total errors across 136 task attempts). Participants completed both usability testing and semistructured interviews. Usability and satisfaction scores were high across both groups (SUS: mean 85.63, SD 9.14 for teachers and mean 84.69, SD 12.50 for parents; QUIS: mean 8.52, SD 0.82 for teachers and mean 8.00, SD 1.31 for parents, out of 9). Mixed methods integration showed convergence between positive usability ratings and perceived professional value, while also identifying challenges related to navigation, terminology, learning for first-time users, and mobile interface design.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The online platform provides strong usability and high satisfaction among PE teachers and parents. Future work will involve improving implementation and evaluating its impact on students\u2019 participation outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/89476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:45:06Z","timestamp":1788882306000},"page":"e89476-e89476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and User Testing of an Online Platform to Deliver School-Based Inclusive Physical Education Solutions: Mixed Methods Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8567-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangeetha","family":"Mohanraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9426-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurie A","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1571-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunkanmi","family":"Arogbokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9768-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohanraj","family":"Thirumalai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2015.04.005","article-title":"Obesity in children with developmental and\/or physical disabilities","volume":"8","author":"Bandini","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2021.1952939","article-title":"Physical activity participation and barriers for children and adolescents with disabilities","volume":"69","author":"MacEachern","journal-title":"Intl J Disabil Dev Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X20944429","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to inclusion in integrated physical education: adapted physical educators\u2019 perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Haegele","journal-title":"Eur Phy Educ Rev"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grenier M Giese M . Ableism within adapted\/physical education teacher education: implications for practice. In: Reflexivity and Change in Adaptive Physical Activity. Routledge; 2022:151-162. [doi: 10.4324\/9781003196747-17]","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003196747-17"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1496631","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for students with disabilities in an integrated school setting: a meta-synthesis of qualitative research evidence","volume":"13","author":"Liu","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-022-09852-x","article-title":"\u201cEverybody wants to be included\u201d: experiences with \u2019inclusive\u2019strategies in physical education","volume":"35","author":"Holland","journal-title":"J Dev Phys Disabil"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.661427","article-title":"How inclusive interactive learning environments benefit students without special needs","volume":"12","author":"Molina Rold\u00e1n","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.08.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of placement on academic and social skill outcome measures of students with disabilities","volume":"47","author":"Oh-Young","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02329-z","article-title":"Key methodological considerations for usability testing of electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) systems","volume":"29","author":"Aiyegbusi","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"Inclusive physical education and physical activity: meeting the needs of students with disabilities\u2014survey report. Active Schools and Lakeshore Foundation\u2013National Center on Health, Physical Activity and Disability (NCHPAD); 2016. URL: https:\/\/www.lakeshore.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/NCHPAD_Active-Schools_Survey-Report_Final.pdf [Accessed 12-09-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/02646196231212740","article-title":"Training needs of educators for students with visual impairments and additional disabilities: a qualitative inquiry","volume":"43","author":"Grenier","journal-title":"Br J Vis Impair"},{"issue":"3","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2018-0145","article-title":"Universal design for learning and differentiated instruction in physical education","volume":"36","author":"van Munster","journal-title":"Adapt Phys Activ Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.31681\/jetol.1355239","article-title":"Educational technology in inclusive classrooms: assessing teacher awareness and needs","volume":"7","author":"Polat","journal-title":"J Educ Technol Online Learn"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2022.100456","article-title":"Inclusion of children with special educational needs and disabilities in physical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers\u2019 attitudes","volume":"36","author":"Tarantino","journal-title":"Educ Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.2016-0017","article-title":"Inclusion of children with disabilities in physical education: a systematic review of literature from 2009 to 2015","volume":"34","author":"Wilhelmsen","journal-title":"Adapt Phys Activ Q"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieberman LJ Grenier M Brian A Arndt K . Universal Design for Learning in Physical Education. Human Kinetics; 2020. ISBN: 9781492574996","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718235199"},{"issue":"2","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X17733595","article-title":"The Lieberman\u2013Brian Inclusion Rating Scale for Physical Education","volume":"25","author":"Lieberman","journal-title":"Eur Phy Educ Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2024-0015","article-title":"Developing a Universal Design for Learning Pedagogy: perspectives of students with and without disabilities","volume":"44","author":"Lieberman","journal-title":"J Teach Phys Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.30.2.147","article-title":"Exploring the meaning of parental involvement in physical education for students with developmental disabilities","volume":"30","author":"An","journal-title":"Adapt Phys Activ Q"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00f8kj\u00e6r E Hertzum M Hornb\u00e6k K . Measuring usability: are effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction really correlated. Presented at: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems; Apr 1-6, 2000; The Hague, The Netherlands. [doi: 10.1145\/332040.332455]","DOI":"10.1145\/332040.332455"},{"issue":"4","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11656","article-title":"The iterative convergent design for mobile health usability testing: mixed methods approach","volume":"7","author":"Alwashmi","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.03.018","article-title":"Methods of usability testing in the development of eHealth applications: a scoping review","volume":"126","author":"Maramba","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1109\/TPC.2010.2052859","article-title":"Assessing concurrent think-aloud protocol as a usability test method: a technical communication approach","volume":"53","author":"Cooke","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Profess Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/10447310802205776","article-title":"An empirical evaluation of the system usability scale","volume":"24","author":"Bangor","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"key":"R25","unstructured":"Harper BD Norman KL . Improving user satisfaction: the questionnaire for user interaction satisfaction version 5.5. Presented at: Proceedings of the 1st annual mid-Atlantic human factors conference; Feb 25-26, 1993; Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA. URL: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Kent-Norman\/publication\/237124434_Improving_user_satisfaction_The_questionnaire_for_user_interaction_satisfaction_version_55\/links\/575aadce08aed884620d8bf0\/Improving-user-satisfaction-The-questionnaire-for-user-interaction-satisfaction-version-55.pdf [Accessed 12-09-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.8851","article-title":"Health Information Technology Usability Evaluation Scale (Health-ITUES) for usability assessment of mobile health technology: validation study","volume":"6","author":"Schnall","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V Clarke V . Thematic analysis. In: APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol 2 Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological. American Psychological Association; 2012:57-71. [doi: 10.1037\/13620-004]","DOI":"10.1037\/13620-004"},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Boyatzis RE . Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Sage Publications, Inc; 1998. URL: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1998-08155-000 [Accessed 12-09-2026]"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalyuga S . The expertise reversal effect. In: Managing Cognitive Load in Adaptive Multimedia Learning. IGI Global Scientific Publishing; 2009:58-80. [doi: 10.4018\/978-1-60566-048-6.ch003]","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60566-048-6.ch003"},{"issue":"8","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000783","article-title":"A classification system for teachers\u2019 motivational behaviors recommended in self-determination theory interventions","volume":"115","author":"Ahmadi","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"}],"container-title":["JMIR Human Factors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:45:05Z","timestamp":1791402305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/humanfactors.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e89476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/89476","relation":{},"ISSN":["2292-9495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2292-9495","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"v13i3e89476"}}