{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:20:25Z","timestamp":1787952025594,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Interact J Med Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Digital medication adherence interventions for individuals diagnosed with chronic conditions have been developed, but their long-term efficacy in improving medication adherence has been limited. Exploring mechanisms and contexts related to outcomes of digital medication adherence interventions is important for these to be effectively tailored for different populations and contexts. A realist review was conducted to assess which intervention components might work for whom, and under what circumstances.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A realist review of literature published between 2002\u20102024 was conducted. Studies reporting digital medication adherence interventions for people diagnosed with chronic diseases and experiencing unintentional medication nonadherence issues were included. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and gray literature databases, Overton, and Policy Commons were searched. Data regarding contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes were extracted and synthesized into program theories. Program theories from the realist review were triangulated with findings from two rounds of workshops (three workshops in each round), in which context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configurations were cocreated with various stakeholders of a project aimed at implementing a digital medication adherence intervention to reduce unintentional nonadherence among people with chronic diseases. There were 12 participants in each round.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The analysis of 83 papers and content of the cocreation workshops led to 35 CMOs theories in seven theory areas, which were (1) building and maintaining medication intake habits; (2) solving medication-related barriers to adherence; (3) enabling collection of prescription medications on time; (4) supporting people with unpredictable health conditions and sensory or motor impairments; (5) supporting individuals with high anxiety, low medication self-efficacy, and low social support; (6) supporting individuals who are uncomfortable with technology; and (7) economic, policy, and organizational factors affecting implementation of smart medication devices. Fourteen CMOs came from both the literature and workshops, 7 CMOs from the literature alone, and 14 CMOs from the workshops alone.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Analysis of the program theories suggested a range of intervention components considering contextual factors that may improve medication adherence of individuals. These were used to form recommendations for intervention developers and implementers. Further studies are required on policy and economic factors affecting large-scale implementation of digital medication adherence interventions in different settings. Future interventions should report intervention content and delivery in detail and codevelop effective implementation strategies with professionals who can support the implementation of the intervention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/89803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:20:06Z","timestamp":1784906406000},"page":"e89803-e89803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contexts and Mechanisms Related to the Efficacy of Digital Medication Adherence Interventions to Support Medication Adherence Among Adults With Chronic Diseases: Realist Review"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4944-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinjaya","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5870-5754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Latham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7109-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy10050106","article-title":"Medication adherence and compliance: recipe for improving patient outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Aremu","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel)"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. World Health Organization; 2003. URL: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/42682\/1\/9241545992.pdf [Accessed 11-08-2026]"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50579","article-title":"Effect of a medication adherence mobile phone app on medically underserved patients with chronic illness: preliminary efficacy study","volume":"7","author":"Hartch","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x","article-title":"A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications","volume":"73","author":"Vrijens","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Gellad WF Grenard J McGlynn EA . A review of barriers to medication adherence: a framework for driving policy options. RAND Corporation; 2009. URL: https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/technical_reports\/TR765.html [Accessed 11-08-2026]"},{"issue":"10","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12616","article-title":"Systematic review of the barriers affecting medication adherence in older adults","volume":"16","author":"Yap","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2014.05.001","article-title":"Medication adherence and its associated factors among Chinese community-dwelling older adults with hypertension","volume":"43","author":"Wang","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"6","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibaa118","article-title":"Barriers, facilitators, and interventions for medication adherence across chronic conditions with the highest non-adherence rates: a scoping review with recommendations for intervention development","volume":"10","author":"Konstantinou","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032045","article-title":"Do mobile device apps designed to support medication adherence demonstrate efficacy? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials, with meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Armitage","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12582","article-title":"Does mHealth increase adherence to medication? Results of a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Anglada-Martinez","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1738","article-title":"Effects of eHealth interventions on medication adherence: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Linn","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/hrbopenres.13580.2","article-title":"Contexts and mechanisms relevant to general practitioner (GP) based interventions to reduce adverse drug events (ADE) in community dwelling older adults: a rapid realist review","volume":"5","author":"Waldron","journal-title":"HRB Open Res"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/1355819054308530","article-title":"Realist review--a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions","volume":"10 Suppl 1","author":"Pawson","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12095","article-title":"RAMESES publication standards: realist syntheses","volume":"69","author":"Wong","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawson R Tilley N . An introduction to scientific realist evaluation. In: Chelimsky E Shadish WR , editors. Evaluation for the 21st Century: A Handbook. SAGE Publications; 1997:405-418. [doi: 10.4135\/9781483348896.n29]","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483348896.n29"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0237-x","article-title":"What\u2019s in a mechanism? Development of a key concept in realist evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Dalkin","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2021.1969674","article-title":"Realist review","volume":"15","author":"Hunter","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exercise Psychol"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069221077521","article-title":"Engaging stakeholders in realist programme theory building: insights from the prospective phase of a primary care dementia support study","volume":"21","author":"Griffiths","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha DS Latham DY Holland PC . Co-creating logic models of the context-mechanism-outcome configurations for a digital intervention to support medication adherence. JMIR Formative Research. Preprint posted online on Jun 3, 2026. [doi: 10.2196\/preprints.103497]","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.103497"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55750","article-title":"Understanding the impacts of online mental health peer support forums: realist synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Marshall","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"R21","unstructured":"The automated pill dispenser project. end project evaluation report. Improvement and Efficiency West Midlands & NHS Midlands and East; Mar 2012. URL: https:\/\/www.pivotell.co.uk\/downloads\/WMPDReport.pdf?srsltid=AfmBOorU5zwnJAURuZPEX9y596KEow7l-lUycx-JFmWNsVRU0aAi81BD [Accessed 11-08-2026]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/35157","article-title":"Technologies for medication adherence monitoring and technology assessment criteria: narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Mason","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098610381418","article-title":"Medication safety in residential aged-care facilities: a perspective","volume":"1","author":"Wilson","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275907","article-title":"Exploring the challenges to safer prescribing and medication monitoring in prisons: a qualitative study with health care staff","volume":"17","author":"Magola-Makina","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-3991(87)90095-4","article-title":"A critical review of interventions to improve compliance with prescribed medications","volume":"10","author":"Haynes","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"7","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1007\/s44411-025-00227-0","article-title":"Medication adherence and intervention strategies: why should we care","volume":"126","author":"Schnorrerova","journal-title":"Bratisl Med J"},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Tyndall J . AACODS Checklist. Flinders University; Nov 2010. URL: https:\/\/fac.flinders.edu.au\/dspace\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/e94a96eb-0334-4300-8880-c836d4d9a676\/content [Accessed 19-08-2026]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2016.0100","article-title":"Beta testing a novel smartphone application to improve medication adherence","volume":"23","author":"Sarzynski","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"key":"R30","volume":"191","author":"Brondi","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inf"},{"issue":"1","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01979-w","article-title":"Medication adherence support of an in-home electronic medication dispensing system for individuals living with chronic conditions: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Arain","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3269","article-title":"A Spanish pillbox app for elderly patients taking multiple medications: randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Mira","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"45","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031662","article-title":"Application of family-involved smart medication management system in rural-dwelling middle-aged and older adult participants with chronic diseases: management of chronic diseases in rural areas","volume":"101","author":"He","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262012","article-title":"Integration of a smart multidose blister package for medication intake: a mixed method ethnographic informed study of older adults with chronic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Faisal","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08702-y","article-title":"An electronic pillbox intervention designed to improve medication safety during care transitions: challenges and lessons learned regarding implementation and evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Shahani","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"R36","volume":"235","author":"Fallah","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inf"},{"issue":"8","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17834","article-title":"Impact of a multicomponent digital therapeutic mobile app on medication adherence in patients with chronic conditions: retrospective analysis","volume":"22","author":"Wiecek","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-8-46","article-title":"Pilot study of an interactive voice response system to improve medication refill compliance","volume":"8","author":"Reidel","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Making"},{"issue":"5","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582211059463","article-title":"Digital medicines for adherence support: a conceptual framework and qualitative study of adherence among chronically ill patients","volume":"27","author":"Castillo","journal-title":"Health Inf J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/formative.8027","article-title":"Implications for training on smartphone medication reminder app use by adults with chronic conditions: pilot study applying the technology acceptance model","volume":"1","author":"Park","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02436-y","article-title":"Digital personal assistants are smart ways for assistive technology to aid the health and wellbeing of patients and carers","volume":"21","author":"Balasubramanian","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S241062","article-title":"Users\u2019 perceptions of an in-home electronic medication dispensing system: a qualitative study","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad","journal-title":"Med Devices (Auckl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0456-y","article-title":"Feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a web and smartphone-based medication self-management platform for chronically Ill patients","volume":"40","author":"Anglada-Mart\u00ednez","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e289","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2024.89621","article-title":"Cost savings from an mHealth tool for improving medication adherence","volume":"30","author":"Stecher","journal-title":"Am J Managed Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2018.1554728","article-title":"Older adult preferences of mobile application functionality supporting medication self-management","volume":"23","author":"Russell","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190017744953","article-title":"Exploring perceived barriers to medication adherence and the use of mobile technology in underserved patients with chronic conditions","volume":"32","author":"Hincapie","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2022.2100856","article-title":"Family caregivers of older adults: strategies, tools, and technologies for medication management","volume":"66","author":"LaValley","journal-title":"J Gerontol Soc Work"},{"issue":"12","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/41735","article-title":"Two-way automated text messaging support from community pharmacies for medication taking in multiple long-term conditions: human-centered design with nominal group technique development study","volume":"6","author":"Donovan","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2020.616242","article-title":"Digital medication adherence support: could healthcare providers recommend mobile health apps?","volume":"2","author":"Backes","journal-title":"Front Med Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2020.26.4.550","article-title":"Effectiveness of mobile applications on medication adherence in adults with chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Peng","journal-title":"J Managed Care Spec Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18901","article-title":"Effect of interactive eHealth interventions on improving medication adherence in adults with long-term medication: systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Pouls","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.944605","article-title":"Innovative approaches to enhance and measure medication adherence in chronic disease management: a review","volume":"30","author":"Gackowski","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"11","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/39819","article-title":"Effectiveness of mobile medical apps in ensuring medication safety among patients with chronic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"issue":"3","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213432","article-title":"Temporal effectiveness of interventions to improve medication adherence: a network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wiecek","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028628","article-title":"What are the important design features of personal health records to improve medication adherence for patients with long-term conditions? A systematic literature review","volume":"9","author":"Andrikopoulou","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2018.1508514","article-title":"What does the literature say about using electronic pillboxes for older adults? A systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"Miguel-Cruz","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assistive Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00960-w","article-title":"Factors affecting medication adherence among older adults using tele-pharmacy services: a scoping review","volume":"80","author":"Emadi","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24926\/iip.v11i2.3269","article-title":"Patient assistance programs and technology in medication adherence","volume":"11","author":"Colon","journal-title":"Innovations Pharm"},{"issue":"10","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14045","article-title":"Medication management needs information and communications technology\u2010based approaches, including telehealth and artificial intelligence","volume":"86","author":"Eggerth","journal-title":"Brit J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2013.811829","article-title":"Dose-dispensing service as an intervention to improve adherence to polymedication","volume":"6","author":"Hersberger","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3928\/00220124-20150721-12","article-title":"Use of technology to promote effective medication adherence","volume":"46","author":"Billingsley","journal-title":"J Contin Educ Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.7667","article-title":"Mobile telephone text messaging for medication adherence in chronic disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Thakkar","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S29549","article-title":"Definitions, variants, and causes of nonadherence with medication: a challenge for tailored interventions","volume":"7","author":"Hugtenburg","journal-title":"Patient Preference Adherence"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2019.113165","article-title":"Mobile health: a carrot and stick intervention to improve medication adherence","volume":"128","author":"Liu","journal-title":"Decis Support Syst"},{"issue":"9","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-016-0387-9","article-title":"Strategies to improve medication adherence in older persons: consensus statement from the Senior Italia Federanziani Advisory Board","volume":"33","author":"Marengoni","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"5","key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020950726","article-title":"Impact of telehealth interventions on medication adherence for patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and\/or dyslipidemia: a systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Bingham","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.944829","article-title":"Reimbursed medication adherence enhancing interventions in 12 European countries: current state of the art and future challenges","volume":"13","author":"Kardas","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01454","article-title":"Comparison of interventions to improve long-term medication adherence across different clinical conditions: a systematic review with network meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Torres-Robles","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"34","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.2174\/0113816128321623240719104337","article-title":"Prescription precision: a comprehensive review of intelligent prescription systems","volume":"30","author":"Tantray","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"11","key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e857","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00119-5","article-title":"Mobile phone interventions to improve health outcomes among patients with chronic diseases: an umbrella review and evidence synthesis from 34 meta-analyses","volume":"6","author":"Sun","journal-title":"Lancet Digital Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05544-4","article-title":"Scoping review and bibliometric analysis of Big Data applications for medication adherence: an explorative methodological study to enhance consistency in literature","volume":"20","author":"Pirri","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7106240010p1","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2017.021691","article-title":"Intervention to improve medication management: qualitative outcomes from a phase I randomized controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Schwartz","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2014.02.006","article-title":"Medication adherence in older adults: the pillbox half full","volume":"49","author":"Haugh","journal-title":"Nurs Clin North Am"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zullig LL Ryan JS Hayden BB . Applying technology to medication management and adherence. In: Marsch L Lord S Dallery J , editors. Behavioral Health Care and Technology: Using Science-Based Innovations to Transform Practice. Oxford University Press; 2014:81-94. [doi: 10.1093\/med\/9780199314027.003.0007]","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199314027.003.0007"},{"issue":"11","key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/CIN.0000000000000120","article-title":"The power of mobile health technologies and prescribing apps","volume":"32","author":"Austin","journal-title":"Comput Inf Nurs"},{"issue":"208.4","key":"R76","first-page":"1","author":"Viswanathan","journal-title":"Evidence Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep)"},{"key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-188","article-title":"Systematic review on what works, what does not work and why of implementation of mobile health (mHealth) projects in Africa","volume":"14","author":"Aranda-Jan","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R78","unstructured":"Academy of Medical Sciences. Patient adherence to medicines. 2015. URL: https:\/\/acmedsci.ac.uk\/policy\/policy-projects\/patient-adherence-to-medicines [Accessed 05-09-2025]"},{"key":"R79","unstructured":"Khan R Socha-Dietrich K . Investing in medication adherence improves health outcomes and health system efficiency. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2018. URL: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/investing-in-medication-adherence-improves-health-outcomes-and-health-system-efficiency_8178962c-en.html [Accessed 11-08-2026]"},{"key":"R80","unstructured":"HTA policy and methods review: emerging health technologies. Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care; Jul 10, 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/hta-policy-and-methods-review-emerging-health-technologies?language=en [Accessed 11-08-2026]"},{"key":"R81","unstructured":"Medication safety in polypharmacy: technical report. World Health Organization; 2019. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/medication-safety-in-polypharmacy-technical-report [Accessed 11-08-2026]"},{"issue":"5","key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012419.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for improving medication-taking ability and adherence in older adults prescribed multiple medications","volume":"5","author":"Cross","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000011.pub4","article-title":"Interventions for enhancing medication adherence","volume":"2014","author":"Nieuwlaat","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R84","unstructured":"Coulter A Ellins J . Patient-focused interventions: a review of the evidence. The Health Foundation; Aug 2006. URL: https:\/\/www.health.org.uk\/reports-and-analysis\/reports\/patient-focused-interventions [Accessed 19-08-2026]"},{"key":"R85","unstructured":"Doctor\u2019s orders: why adherence is critical to improving health outcomes across the life course. International Longevity Centre UK; Apr 7, 2022. URL: https:\/\/ilcuk.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/ILC-Doctors-Orders.pdf [Accessed 19-08-2026]"},{"key":"R86","unstructured":"YOURmeds for medication support in long-term conditions. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; Jun 9, 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/advice\/mib289\/resources\/yourmeds-for-medication-support-in-longterm-conditions-pdf-2285965883209669 [Accessed 19-08-2026]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17883","article-title":"Habit strength, medication adherence, and habit-based mobile health interventions across chronic medical conditions: systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Badawy","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3132","key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2013.13827","article-title":"Cyberhealth serving to support individual intake of medication","volume":"143","author":"Schneider","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"issue":"6","key":"R89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2020.07.038","article-title":"A new age intervention to support medication adherence","volume":"17","author":"Goradia","journal-title":"Res Soc Administrative Pharm"},{"issue":"9","key":"R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12400","article-title":"A quantitative systematic review of the efficacy of mobile phone interventions to improve medication adherence","volume":"70","author":"Park","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/60787","article-title":"Exploration of features of mobile applications for medication adherence in Asia: narrative review","volume":"26","author":"Wang","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-022-01876-2","article-title":"Use of mobile applications to increase therapeutic adherence in adults: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Chala","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"R93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/42474","article-title":"The use of eHealth for pharmacotherapy management with patients with respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes: scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Bakema","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"744","key":"R94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2023.0406","article-title":"Interventions to improve medication adherence in adults with mental-physical multimorbidity in primary care: a systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Lammila-Escalera","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"R95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2165\/11532870-000000000-00000","article-title":"Adherence to medicines in the older-aged with chronic conditions: does intervention by an allied health professional help?","volume":"27","author":"Doggrell","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"5","key":"R96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JNR.0000000000000382","article-title":"Mobile-application-based interventions for patients with hypertension and ischemic heart disease: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Choi","journal-title":"J Nurs Res"},{"key":"R97","unstructured":"Artificial intelligence in health care: benefits and challenges of technologies to augment patient care. US Government Accountability Office; Nov 30, 2020. URL: https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-21-7sp [Accessed 11-08-2026]"},{"issue":"12","key":"R98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9284","article-title":"The use and effects of electronic health tools for patient self-monitoring and reporting of outcomes following medication use: systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Lancaster","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"R99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.2019012","article-title":"Reevaluating medication adherence in the era of digital health","volume":"18","author":"Aungst","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"issue":"1","key":"R100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v63i1.5274","article-title":"Alternative mechanisms for delivery of medication in South Africa: a scoping review","volume":"63","author":"Mash","journal-title":"S Afr Fam Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"R101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy12010020","article-title":"Digital solutions available to be used by informal caregivers, contributing to medication adherence: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Esp\u00edrito-Santo","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4321\/s1886-36552009000200001","article-title":"Adherence: a review of education, research, practice and policy in Switzerland","volume":"7","author":"Schneider","journal-title":"Pharm Pract (Granada)"},{"key":"R103","unstructured":"Perry C Chhatralia K Damesick D Hobden S Volpe L . Behavioural insights in health care: nudging to reduce inefficiency and waste. The Health Foundation; Dec 2015. URL: https:\/\/www.health.org.uk\/reports-and-analysis\/reports\/behavioural-insights-in-health-care [Accessed 11-08-2026]"},{"key":"R104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0286-3","article-title":"Positive influence of short message service and voice call interventions on adherence and health outcomes in case of chronic disease care: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Yasmin","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Making"},{"issue":"6","key":"R105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.23-6-s72","article-title":"Interventions to promote medication adherence for chronic diseases in India: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Tolley","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"R106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009921.pub2","article-title":"Automated telephone communication systems for preventive healthcare and management of long-term conditions","volume":"12","author":"Posadzki","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"R107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12580","article-title":"Influencing medication taking behaviors using automated two-way digital communication: a narrative synthesis systematic review informed by the Behavior Change Wheel","volume":"27","author":"Donovan","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1630","article-title":"Applying and reporting relevance, richness and rigour in realist evidence appraisals: advancing key concepts in realist reviews","volume":"14","author":"Dada","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"R109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R110","unstructured":"Intermediate care allocation team. NHS East Lancashire Hospitals. URL: https:\/\/elht.nhs.uk\/services\/intermediate-care-allocation-team [Accessed 20-08-2026]"},{"key":"R111","unstructured":"Lancashire\u2019s market position statement for adult social care. Lancashire County Council; 2019. URL: https:\/\/www.caremanagementmatters.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/The-Lancashire-Market-Position-Statement-issues-for-providers-and-commissioners.pdf [Accessed 19-08-2026]"},{"key":"R112","unstructured":"PIP handbook. GOV.UK. Nov 25, 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/personal-independence-payment-fact-sheets\/pip-handbook#changes-in-circumstances-needs-and-other-notifiable-changes [Accessed 11-08-2026]"},{"key":"R113","unstructured":"Skills for care report: international recruitment helps social care workforce grow \u2013 but domestic recruitment and retention struggles persist. Skills for Care. Oct 10, 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.skillsforcare.org.uk\/news-and-events\/news\/skills-for-care-report-international-recruitment-helps-social-care-workforce-grow-but-domestic-recruitment-and-retention-struggles-persist [Accessed 19-08-2026]"},{"key":"R114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.10.012","article-title":"From non-adherence to adherence: can innovative solutions resolve a longstanding problem?","volume":"119","author":"Kardas","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"R115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecinn.2023.100209","article-title":"The use of the Capability-Opportunity- Motivation Behavior (COM-B) model to identify barriers to medication adherence and the application of mobile health technology in adults with coronary heart disease: a qualitative study","volume":"3","author":"Park","journal-title":"PEC Innov"},{"issue":"2","key":"R116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-211453","article-title":"Role of habit in treatment adherence among adults with cystic fibrosis","volume":"74","author":"Hoo","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"R117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S499795","article-title":"Evaluating strategies for enhancing medication adherence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Alhomoud","journal-title":"Patient Preference Adherence"},{"issue":"1","key":"R118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61010153","article-title":"Enhancing therapy adherence: impact on clinical outcomes, healthcare costs, and patient quality of life","volume":"61","author":"Religioni","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"10","key":"R119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185453","article-title":"The effect of electronic monitoring feedback on medication adherence and clinical outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"van Heuckelum","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"R120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-024-00161-w","article-title":"A systematic review on pill and medication dispensers from a human-centered perspective","volume":"8","author":"Gargioni","journal-title":"J Healthcare Inf Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1775970","article-title":"Patient, caregiver, and clinician experience with a technologically enabled pillbox: a qualitative study","volume":"07","author":"Shannon","journal-title":"ACI open"},{"issue":"7","key":"R122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czz068","article-title":"Assessing scalability of an intervention: why, how and who?","volume":"34","author":"Zamboni","journal-title":"Health Policy Plann"},{"key":"R123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2024.104705","article-title":"A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"154","author":"Skivington","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"R124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_177_18","article-title":"Improving the assessment of medication adherence: challenges and considerations with a focus on low-resource settings","volume":"31","author":"Basu","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med J"},{"key":"R125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/217047","article-title":"Medication adherence measures: an overview","volume":"2015","author":"Lam","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"}],"container-title":["Interactive Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:52:24Z","timestamp":1787950344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.i-jmr.org\/2026\/1\/e89803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":125,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/89803","relation":{},"ISSN":["1929-073X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-073X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"article-number":"v15i5e89803"}}