{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:47:59Z","timestamp":1782841679145,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Res Protoc"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Health and health care systems are progressively challenged by more frequent natural and human-caused hazards. A hazard becomes a disaster when vulnerability and exposure interact in complex ways with system capacity to trigger major disruptions in the functioning of a community or society. Patients with kidney diseases, especially those on dialysis, are particularly vulnerable.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n We will conduct a vulnerability and adaptation assessment (VAA) of Canadian provincial health systems and individual kidney care networks (KCNs) with respect to natural and human-caused disasters and emergencies. Our research aims to map existing KCNs across Canada, contextualize the current and future vulnerability of health systems and patients to disasters and emergencies, and identify and prioritize adaptation measures in partnership with key interest holders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We are conducting a bottom-up VAA following a qualitative descriptive approach and using the framework previously developed as an operational guide. We started by conducting an environmental scan and document review and identified 75 KCNs across Canada. After collecting directives and policies on disaster management from these KCNs, we will conduct a content analysis guided by our framework in disaster management. We are now conducting semistructured interviews with kidney health care professionals across Canada recruited using purposive and snowballing techniques to better understand their perspectives, expertise, and lived experiences. We will conduct thematic analysis using an inductive-deductive approach guided by the framework. Findings from these multiple data sources will then be triangulated to generate a robust VAA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n We want to identify the existing operational and human vulnerabilities and the risks associated, as well as explore lessons learned, to develop needed adaptations. Emerging data reflect a variety of experiences across programs and provinces. The findings will explore analysis at the program, provincial, and health system levels. The environmental scan was initiated in November 2024, and the semistructured interviews started in February 2025. We have recruited 71 participants from 55 KCNs. Interviews are ongoing, and coding has been initiated simultaneously. The first VAA focusing on in-center hemodialysis services is expected to conclude in April 2026. These findings are projected to be written up by May 2026, and manuscripts are expected to be submitted for publication to peer-reviewed journals. Thereafter, similar analyses will be conducted focusing on other kidney replacement therapies and pediatric programs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This is the first VAA of KCNs across Canada. Findings will provide a critical foundation for understanding vulnerability, supporting strategic planning, and guiding adaptation measures that can strengthen health system resilience and mitigate associated risks of disasters and emergencies to patients with kidney diseases.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/90059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T18:01:32Z","timestamp":1776967292000},"page":"e90059-e90059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["All-Hazards Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of Canadian Kidney Care Systems: Protocol for a Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8921-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saly","family":"El Wazze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5115-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinjini","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1941-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaifali","family":"Sandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Climate change and health: vulnerability and adaptation assessment. World Health Organization. 2021. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240036383 [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Critical infrastructure including schools, health facilities and roads threatened by climate crisis. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 2019. URL: https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/news\/critical-infrastructure-including-schools-health-facilities-and-roads-threatened-climate [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R3","unstructured":"WHO guidance on research methods for health emergency and disaster risk management, revised 2022. World Health Organization. 2022. URL: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/363502 [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.10.003","article-title":"What causes nations to recover from disasters? An inquiry into the role of wealth, income inequality, and social welfare provisioning","volume":"33","author":"Tselios","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-023-01107-7","article-title":"The wider the gap between rich and poor the higher the flood mortality","volume":"6","author":"Lindersson","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44304-025-00087-2","article-title":"Shared hazards, unequal outcomes: income-driven inequities in disaster risk","volume":"2","author":"Choong","journal-title":"npj Nat Hazards"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Operational framework for building climate resilient and low carbon health systems. World Health Organization. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240081888 [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Disaster risk reduction terminology. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. URL: https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/drr-glossary\/terminology [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20543581251391277","article-title":"From risk and vulnerability to preparedness and resiliency: an opinion piece on championing disaster and emergency risk reduction and management in kidney care","volume":"12","author":"Sandal","journal-title":"Can J Kidney Health Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad073","article-title":"Distribution, preparedness and management of Ukrainian adult refugees on dialysis-an international survey by the Renal Disaster Relief Task Force of the European Renal Association","volume":"38","author":"Paw\u0142owicz-Szlarska","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac247","article-title":"Armed conflicts and kidney patients: a consensus statement from the Renal Disaster Relief Task Force of the ERA","volume":"38","author":"Sever","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000071","article-title":"Conflict nephrology: war and natural disasters","volume":"4","author":"Gopolan","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"issue":"6","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04463-9","article-title":"Oxalobacter formigenes treatment combined with intensive dialysis lowers plasma oxalate and halts disease progression in a patient with severe infantile oxalosis","volume":"35","author":"Pape","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-022-01301-4","article-title":"Wars and kidney patients: a statement by the European Kidney Health Alliance related to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict","volume":"35","author":"Vanholder","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0862","article-title":"The role of the Renal Disaster Relief Task Force","volume":"4","author":"Vanholder","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Nephrol"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00678-0","article-title":"Disaster preparedness for patients with kidney disease","volume":"19","author":"Kopp","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00682-4","article-title":"Climate change-fuelled natural disasters and chronic kidney disease: a call for action","volume":"19","author":"Sapkota","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00743-8","article-title":"Disasters and kidney care: pitfalls and solutions","volume":"19","author":"Sever","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq783","article-title":"Dialysis practice and patient outcome in the aftermath of the earthquake at L\u2019Aquila, Italy, April 2009","volume":"26","author":"Bonomini","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"4","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1097\/01.asn.0000119145.40232.67","article-title":"Features of chronic hemodialysis practice after the Marmara earthquake","volume":"15","author":"Sever","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X13008844","article-title":"The impact of a large-scale power outage on hemodialysis center operations","volume":"28","author":"Abir","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X14000715","article-title":"Impact of Hurricane Sandy on hospital emergency and dialysis services: a retrospective survey","volume":"29","author":"Lin","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.20965\/jdr.2014.p0086","article-title":"Local dialysis disaster relief during two torrential downpours on Amami-Ohshima Island","volume":"9","author":"Nishimura","journal-title":"J Disaster Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.336","article-title":"The Syrian conflict: assessment of the ESRD system and response to hemodialysis needs during a humanitarian and medical crisis","volume":"87","author":"Sekkarie","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"11S","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.20233411S1736b","article-title":"Assessment of dialysis operations in conflict-affected areas: insights from survey results from Northwest Syria","volume":"34","author":"Alasfar","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10181014","article-title":"Disaster preparedness and awareness of patients on hemodialysis after Hurricane Sandy","volume":"10","author":"Murakami","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.5","article-title":"Missed dialysis sessions and hospitalization in hemodialysis patients after Hurricane Katrina","volume":"75","author":"Anderson","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.07.013","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder among hemodialysis patients following Hurricane Katrina","volume":"50","author":"Hyre","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.03.010","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and the 5-year incidence of CKD","volume":"62","author":"Damasiewicz","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.07.005","article-title":"Dialysis care and death following Hurricane Sandy","volume":"65","author":"Kelman","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021111520","article-title":"Hurricanes and mortality among patients receiving dialysis","volume":"33","author":"Blum","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2054358118799689","article-title":"A retrospective study of chronic kidney disease burden in Saskatchewan\u2019s First Nations people","volume":"5","author":"Thomas","journal-title":"Can J Kidney Health Dis"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"United States Renal Data System. USRDS Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2023. URL: https:\/\/usrds-adr.niddk.nih.gov\/2023 [Accessed 10-04-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.10.014","article-title":"Health disparities in renal disease in Canada","volume":"30","author":"Yeates","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.150078","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in disadvantaged populations","volume":"25","author":"Garcia-Garcia","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E706","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20190164","article-title":"Kidney disease and care among First Nations people with diabetes in Ontario: a population-based cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Nash","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022020215","article-title":"Addressing inequities in kidney care for indigenous people in Canada","volume":"33","author":"Harasemiw","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R38","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Organ replacement in Canada: CORR annual statistics. 2023. URL: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/en\/organ-replacement-in-canada-corr-annual-statistics [Accessed 10-04-2026]"},{"issue":"5","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.11.004","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Vart","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"R40","unstructured":"Natural hazards. Government of Canada. URL: https:\/\/natural-resources.canada.ca\/science-data\/science-research\/natural-hazards [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R41","unstructured":"Public Safety Canada. National Risk Profile: Strengthening Canada\u2019s All-Hazards Approach to Emergency Management. 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.publicsafety.gc.ca\/cnt\/mrgnc-mngmnt\/ntnl-rsk-prfl\/index-en.aspx [Accessed 10-04-2026]"},{"key":"R42","unstructured":"Kane P . Yellowknife\u2019s wildfire evacuation was tailored for the privileged. The Walrus. May 16, 2024. URL: https:\/\/thewalrus.ca\/yellowknifes-wildfire-evacuation-was-tailored-for-the-privileged [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R43","unstructured":"Bongiorno J . As tourists flock to Montreal for F1 race, Cree dialysis patients who fled fires are on the move again. CBC News. 2023. URL: https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/montreal\/dialysis-montreal-cree-wildfires-hotel-1.6879932 [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R44","unstructured":"Not one run missed: how Williams Lake maintained full care levels during largest fire in BC history. BC Renal. 2018. URL: http:\/\/www.bcrenal.ca\/about\/news-stories\/news\/not-one-run-missed-how-williams-lake-maintained-full-care-levels-during-largest-fire-in-bc-history [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R45","unstructured":"BC hemodialysis patient and nurse who adapted to extreme flood conditions share their experience. BC Renal. 2022. URL: http:\/\/www.bcrenal.ca\/about\/news-stories\/people-in-kidney-care\/bc-hemodialysis-patient-and-nurse [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"issue":"7","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000635","article-title":"A roadmap for disaster risk reduction and management in kidney care: a scoping review and content analysis","volume":"36","author":"Sandal","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"R48","unstructured":"Climate change. In: Compendium of WHO and Other UN Guidance in Health and Environment, 2024 Update. World Health Organization; 2024:112. URL: https:\/\/scopeclimatechange.scopeonline.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/PDF-5.pdf [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R49","unstructured":"Climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessments: a knowledge to action resource guide. Government of Canada; 2021. URL: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/climate-health-adapt-vulnerability-adaptation-assessments-resource-guide.html [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R50","unstructured":"Methods of assessing human health vulnerability and public health adaptation to climate change. World Health Organization; 2003. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/methods-of-assessing-human-health-vulnerability-and-public-health-adaptation-to-climate-change [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R51","unstructured":"A framework for climate change vulnerability assessments. Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit; 2014. URL: https:\/\/www.adaptationcommunity.net\/download\/va\/vulnerability-guides-manuals-reports\/Framework_for_Climate_Change_Vulnerability_Assessments_-_GIZ_2014.pdf [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R52","unstructured":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). A Framework for Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India; 2014. URL: https:\/\/weadapt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5476022698f9agiz2014-1733en-framework-climate-change.pdf [Accessed 11-04-2026]"},{"issue":"5","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/1744987119880234","article-title":"An overview of the qualitative descriptive design within nursing research","volume":"25","author":"Doyle","journal-title":"J Res Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-240x(200008)23:4<334::aid-nur9>3.0.co;2-g","article-title":"Whatever happened to qualitative description?","volume":"23","author":"Sandelowski","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333393617742282","article-title":"Employing a qualitative description approach in health care research","volume":"4","author":"Bradshaw","journal-title":"Glob Qual Nurs Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R56","first-page":"12","volume":"12","author":"Chafe","journal-title":"Healthc Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20362","article-title":"What\u2019s in a name? Qualitative description revisited","volume":"33","author":"Sandelowski","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"R58","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Canadian Organ Replacement Register Directory. 2024. URL: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/en\/canadian-organ-replacement-register-directory [Accessed 10-04-2026]"},{"issue":"2","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3316\/QRJ0902027","article-title":"Document analysis as a qualitative research method","volume":"9","author":"Bowen","journal-title":"Qual Res J"},{"issue":"2","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2018-000057","article-title":"Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: a balance of relationship and rigour","volume":"7","author":"DeJonckheere","journal-title":"Fam Med Community Health"},{"key":"R61","unstructured":"Reinhold S . Local Conflict and Ideological Struggle: \u201cPositive Images\u201d and Section 28. University of Sussex; 1994. URL: https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books\/about\/Local_Conflict_and_Ideological_Struggle.html?id=KTvFoAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R62","unstructured":"Creswell JW Poth CN . Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications; 2016. URL: https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books\/about\/Qualitative_Inquiry_and_Research_Design.html?id=DLbBDQAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"key":"R63","unstructured":"Ethical considerations associated with qualitative research methods. UK Statistics Authority. 2022. URL: https:\/\/uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk\/publication\/ethical-considerations-associated-with-qualitative-research-methods\/pages\/5 [Accessed 06-04-2026]"},{"issue":"5","key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609406920987959","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920987959","article-title":"Is there a place for theoretical frameworks in qualitative research?","volume":"20","author":"Garvey","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.21-05-0134","article-title":"Literature reviews, theoretical frameworks, and conceptual frameworks: an introduction for new biology education researchers","volume":"21","author":"Luft","journal-title":"CBE Life Sci Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-023-00422-7","article-title":"Climate change adaptation methods for public health prevention in Australia: an integrative review","volume":"11","author":"Walter","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.17294\/2330-0698.2068","article-title":"Research frameworks: critical components for reporting qualitative health care research","volume":"11","author":"George","journal-title":"J Patient Cent Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x","article-title":"The qualitative content analysis process","volume":"62","author":"Elo","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847","article-title":"Thematic analysis: striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria","volume":"16","author":"Nowell","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5430\/jnep.v6n5p100","article-title":"Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis","volume":"6","author":"Vaismoradi","journal-title":"J Nurs Educ Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2020.1755030","article-title":"Thematic analysis of qualitative data: AMEE Guide no. 131","volume":"42","author":"Kiger","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"6","key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069241244856","article-title":"Deductive qualitative analysis: evaluating, expanding, and refining theory","volume":"23","author":"Fife","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231205789","article-title":"A step-by-step process of thematic analysis to develop a conceptual model in qualitative research","volume":"22","author":"Naeem","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45","article-title":"Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/1098214005283748","article-title":"A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data","volume":"27","author":"Thomas","journal-title":"Am J Eval"},{"issue":"2","key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2015-102054","article-title":"Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research","volume":"18","author":"Noble","journal-title":"Evid Based Nurs"},{"key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Given LM . The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. SAGE Publications; 2008. URL: https:\/\/books.google.co.in\/books\/about\/The_Sage_Encyclopedia_of_Qualitative_Res.html?id=55JYAQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y [Accessed 06-04-2026]","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412963909"},{"key":"R79","unstructured":"Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans \u2013 TCPS 2 (2022). Government of Canada. URL: https:\/\/ethics.gc.ca\/eng\/policy-politique_tcps2-eptc2_2022.html [Accessed 15-04-2026]"}],"container-title":["JMIR Research Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e90059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:15:32Z","timestamp":1782839732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchprotocols.org\/2026\/1\/e90059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":79,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/90059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1929-0748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-0748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"article-number":"v15i10e90059"}}