{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:48:03Z","timestamp":1782841683154,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that poses complex challenges for persons with PD, informal caregivers, and health care professionals. With growing interest in digital and predictive artificial intelligence (AI) tools for disease management, understanding the needs and digital readiness of these stakeholder groups is crucial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This work aims to (1) identify digital practices for PD management among persons with PD, at-risk individuals, caregivers, and health care professionals; (2) compare these practices across groups; (3) explore stakeholder desires for AI-based tools; and (4) assess alignments and gaps to inform tailored AI solutions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n An anonymous cross-sectional online survey of an exploratory nature was distributed (from December 2024 to October 2025) in 5 languages and completed by 255 respondents. Descriptive statistics summarized responses to 41 questions, including stakeholder-specific items.\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n tests were performed to examine stakeholder differences in desired AI features.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Interest in predictive AI was high across stakeholder groups. Symptom tracking was the most desired feature (selected by more than 76% of the respondents), and personalized treatment recommendations came second for both persons with PD and health care professionals; however, stakeholder priorities diverged in other areas. Health care professionals rated improving patient and informal caregiver engagement as significantly more important than persons with PD did,\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n (n=205)=34.78,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n <.001, and Cramer V=0.41. Despite considerable interest, the reported use of digital tools was limited, as most persons with PD did not use symptom-tracking apps or wearables, nor were they currently monitoring their condition, although many expressed intentions to begin.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n While predictive AI tools were viewed positively across groups, there were significant gaps in stakeholder preferences, highlighting the importance of tailored, context-aware design. Early diagnosis was not prioritized by persons with PD or health care professionals, likely reflecting the complexity of diagnosing PD in the absence of disease-modifying therapies. Coupled with the emphasis placed on preventive lifestyle guidance by persons with PD and those at risk, this highlights the importance of actionability in AI-based monitoring and prediction. Such actionability may also enhance perceived relevance and uptake, given that reported interest in digital health tools and self-tracking exceeded actual use. These findings offer early-stage insight to guide the development of future AI-based solutions for PD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/90377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T14:50:06Z","timestamp":1777474206000},"page":"e90377-e90377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparing Stakeholders\u2019 Perspectives on Parkinson Disease Management and Digital Technologies: Exploratory International Survey"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2442-2775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie Linnea","family":"Luckhaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0908-6173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kharko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0205-1165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Blease","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4476-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Luisa","family":"Almarcha-Menargues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2009-1379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Del Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8239-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Balula Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9127-2991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2387-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn H","family":"Falkenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9932-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leontios","family":"Hadjileontiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6839-3651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"H\u00e4gglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2256-7310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Riggare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4031-1965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Therese","family":"Scott Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212735","article-title":"Barriers to accessing healthcare services for people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Zaman","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091231223739","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease carepartners\u2019 perceptions of the challenges and rewards of caregiving","volume":"41","author":"Seshadri","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13010079","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and caregiving roles, demands, and support needs and experiences: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Longacre","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurop.2024.100153","article-title":"Genetics of Parkinson\u2019s disease: dominant forms and GBA","volume":"4","author":"Salles","journal-title":"Neurol Perspect"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952","article-title":"Projections for prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"388","author":"Su","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"27","author":"Balestrino","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2024.30.3.172","article-title":"Status and trends of the digital healthcare industry","volume":"30","author":"Lee","journal-title":"Healthc Inform Res"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecinn.2023.100171","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perspectives on digital health tools","volume":"2","author":"Madanian","journal-title":"PEC Innov"},{"issue":"2","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.14027","article-title":"Balancing feeling 'prepared' without feeling 'devoured': a qualitative study of self-care from the perspective of self-empowered persons living with Parkinson\u2019s disease in Sweden","volume":"27","author":"Luckhaus","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/33944","article-title":"Use of mobile apps for self-care in people with Parkinson disease: systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Lee","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"AI-PROGNOSIS. URL: https:\/\/www.ai-prognosis.eu\/ [Accessed 01-12-2025]"},{"issue":"6","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181577654","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"18","author":"von Elm","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.3.e34","article-title":"Improving the quality of Web surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES)","volume":"6","author":"Eysenbach","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"R14","volume":"25","author":"Corda","journal-title":"Am J Health Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.1","article-title":"Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective","volume":"52","author":"Bandura","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500203","article-title":"Social learning theory and the Health Belief Model","volume":"15","author":"Rosenstock","journal-title":"Health Educ Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"R19","unstructured":"EUSurvey. URL: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eusurvey\/ [Accessed 01-12-2025]"},{"key":"R20","unstructured":"WHODAS 2.0 translation package (version 1.0): translation and linguistic evaluation protocol and supporting material. World Health Organization; 2010. URL: https:\/\/terrance.who.int\/mediacentre\/data\/WHODAS\/Guidelines\/WHODAS%202.0%20Translation%20guidelines.pdf [Accessed 01-12-2025]"},{"issue":"2","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2307\/2983604","article-title":"Contingency tables involving small numbers and the \u03c72 test","volume":"1","author":"Yates","journal-title":"Suppl J R Stat Soc Ser B"},{"issue":"11","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8775","article-title":"Beyond adoption: a new framework for theorizing and evaluating nonadoption, abandonment, and challenges to the scale-up, spread, and sustainability of health and care technologies","volume":"19","author":"Greenhalgh","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1472691","article-title":"The current state of wearable device use in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a survey of individuals with Parkinson\u2019s","volume":"6","author":"Hirczy","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp25X742161","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to digital health technology adoption by older adults with chronic disease: an updated systematic review","volume":"75","author":"Hepburn","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19195","article-title":"How people with Parkinson\u2019s disease and health care professionals wish to partner in care using eHealth: co-design study","volume":"22","author":"Wannheden","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18036-5","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to health technology adoption by older adults with chronic diseases: an integrative systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Bertolazzi","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/74144","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of ethical aspects of using AI in Parkinson disease: patient panel study","volume":"5","author":"Luckhaus","journal-title":"JMIR AI"},{"issue":"12","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28723","article-title":"Risk disclosure in prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Schaeffer","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"19","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2037","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009400","article-title":"Patients\u2019 views on the ethical challenges of early Parkinson disease detection","volume":"94","author":"Schaeffer","journal-title":"Neurology (ECronicon)"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1453243","article-title":"Patient perspectives on the use of digital medical devices and health data for AI-driven personalised medicine in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Paccoud","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718X251327752","article-title":"Diverse preferences, different solutions: exploring remote monitoring preferences in Parkinson\u2019s disease through a discrete choice experiment","volume":"15","author":"Godoy Junior","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/63456","article-title":"Exploring health care professionals\u2019 perspectives on the use of a medication and care support system and recommendations for designing a similar tool for family caregivers: interview study among health care professionals","volume":"12","author":"Ashimwe","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1231654","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators for healthcare providers to implement family-centered care in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Sun","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171231202861","article-title":"mHealth apps use and their associations with healthcare decision-making and health communication among informal caregivers: evidence from the National Cancer Institute\u2019s health information national trends survey","volume":"38","author":"Mahmood","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"5","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Tolosa","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213499","article-title":"Stability and accuracy of a diagnosis of Parkinson disease over 10 years","volume":"104","author":"R\u00e4ty","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00641-1","article-title":"Intense exercise increases dopamine transporter and neuromelanin concentrations in the substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"de Laat","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"}],"container-title":["JMIR Formative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e90377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:15:36Z","timestamp":1782839736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/formative.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e90377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/90377","relation":{},"ISSN":["2561-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2561-326X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"article-number":"v10i4e90377"}}