{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:33:25Z","timestamp":1788932005774,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Form Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Evidence-based psychological interventions are usually not accessed by marginalized groups such as refugees. Culturally adapted psychological interventions have reported larger effect sizes than nonadapted psychological interventions. However, the cultural adaptation of interventions is a lengthy process, entailing a challenge. One potential solution to overcome this challenge is the use of artificial intelligence (AI).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the perceived cultural relevance and acceptability of 2 common cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques when translated and culturally adapted by AI versus a human psychologist.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In a 2\u00d72 factorial design, the text generator type (AI vs human psychologist) and the CBT technique (cognitive restructuring vs behavior modification) were compared. CBT technique texts translated and culturally adapted either by AI or by a human psychologist were blindly rated using the Cultural Relevance Questionnaire and the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. Raters were Arabic-speaking refugees and immigrants, aged between 18 and 69 years, residing in Sweden, Denmark, and Germany. Raters were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 conditions. Each condition consisted of 2 stimuli. Two-factor between-subject design analyses were used to analyze the data.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A significant main effect of the text generator domain type (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.02; \u03b7\u00b2=0.045) was found in the first rating, with texts adapted by the AI domain perceived as more culturally relevant than those adapted by the human domain. No significant main effect of the CBT technique was found in the first rating (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.10; \u03b7\u00b2=0.022). There were no differences in the second rating. Regarding acceptability, no significant main effects of text generator domain type (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.09; \u03b7\u00b2=0.024) or the CBT technique (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.88; \u03b7\u00b2=0.001) were found in either of the ratings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n CBT technique materials adapted by AI may be perceived as similarly culturally relevant as those adapted by a human psychologist. This finding implies the potential to accelerate the cultural adaptation of psychological interventions. However, AI still needs to be used with caution and in accordance with rigorous safety standards and robust frameworks.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/91056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T17:35:07Z","timestamp":1776188107000},"page":"e91056-e91056","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cultural Relevance and Acceptability of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Techniques Adapted by AI or a Human Psychologist: Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-5161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youstina","family":"Demetry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"Carlbring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01447045","article-title":"Ecological validity and cultural sensitivity for outcome research: issues for the cultural adaptation and development of psychosocial treatments with Hispanics","volume":"23","author":"Bernal","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016401","article-title":"Cultural adaptation of treatments: a resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice","volume":"40","author":"Bernal","journal-title":"Prof Psychol Res Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461520970748","article-title":"Lessons learned in adapting an online intervention program for posttraumatic stress for use in Egypt","volume":"58","author":"Ellis","journal-title":"Transcult Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00569-x","article-title":"Culturally adapting internet- and mobile-based health promotion interventions might not be worth the effort: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Balci","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-024-00340-x","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence in mental healthcare: an ethical evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Blease","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psych"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/78663","article-title":"Placebo, nocebo, and machine learning: how generative AI could shape patient perception in mental health care","volume":"12","author":"Blease","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/67114","article-title":"Expert and interdisciplinary analysis of AI-driven chatbots for mental health support: mixed methods study","volume":"27","author":"Moylan","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.38140\/ijss-2025.vol5.1.06","article-title":"A scoping review of culturally sensitive large language models-based cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: global lessons for African implementation","volume":"5","author":"Igwe","journal-title":"Interdiscip J Social Stud"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08031-0","article-title":"Comparing traditional natural language processing and large language models for mental health status classification: a multi-model evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Kallstenius","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13101205","article-title":"A scoping review of AI-driven digital interventions in mental health care: mapping applications across screening, support, monitoring, prevention, and clinical education","volume":"13","author":"Ni","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046265","article-title":"Comparison of predicted psychological distress among workers between artificial intelligence and psychiatrists: a cross-sectional study in Tsukuba Science City, Japan","volume":"11","author":"Doki","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/44358","article-title":"Using conversational AI to facilitate mental health assessments and improve clinical efficiency within psychotherapy services: real-world observational study","volume":"2","author":"Rollwage","journal-title":"JMIR AI"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Schiff D . 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