{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:53:24Z","timestamp":1786114404125,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Nursing"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Socioemotional competencies (SEC) are essential for nurses to provide quality care and to maintain their own health. Historically underrepresented, nursing programs are changing their curricula to incorporate SEC development more strongly. Although it is recommended to practice SEC during clinical placement, studies on how to support nursing students in developing these competencies are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study explores second-year nursing students\u2019 perceived and actual use of a reflection tool during their first 20-week clinical placement. Designed to support SEC development, the study focuses on how students incorporate the application in their learning process for SEC development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An embedded mixed method study was conducted with 15 students from a nursing program in the Netherlands. Qualitative surveys and semistructured interviews were used to capture students\u2019 experiences with the application both during and at the end of the clinical placement. Log data from the application provided insight into how the app was used. The mixed methods data were analyzed using warranted assertion analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The app helped students relate learning goals to clinical experiences, identify learning opportunities, and experience a sense of growth. Features that removed practical barriers to reflecting were experienced as most beneficial. Although SEC-focused use was limited (n=7), involved students used the app over a longer period of time and reported greater benefits. Nevertheless, 13 students stopped using the app halfway through their clinical placement, as their attitude shifted from learning to working.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study gives a rich description of how nursing students used a reflection app to structure their learning process during clinical placement. It reveals that smartphone-based reflection supports students in clinical placement learning. Specifically, the app lowers barriers to engaging in structural reflection and decreases the mental burden of self-regulated learning. However, more guidance and a multimodal intervention approach seem necessary for SEC development. Further research into how to account for students\u2019 shifting attitudes toward learning is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/91083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T20:53:02Z","timestamp":1785963182000},"page":"e91083-e91083","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Potential for Smartphone-Based Reflection to Support Socioemotional Competence Development in Student Nurses\u2019 Clinical Placement: Mixed Methods Field Trial"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2321-5579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Bril-Broers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8589-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Degens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9116-9404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joke","family":"Fleer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2021.101922","article-title":"Strategies to assess and promote the socio-emotional competencies of university students in the socio-educational and health fields: a scoping review protocol","volume":"112","author":"Gand\u00eda-Carbonell","journal-title":"Int J Educ Res"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.01.010","article-title":"Emotional intelligence and health students\u2019 well-being: a two-wave study with students of medicine, physiotherapy and nursing","volume":"63","author":"Carvalho","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12607","article-title":"Emotional intelligence as a mechanism to build resilience and non-technical skills in undergraduate nurses undertaking clinical placement","volume":"29","author":"Hurley","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1504\/IJISCM.2017.087952","article-title":"The role of emotional dissonance and emotional intelligence on job-stress, burnout and well-being among nurses","volume":"9","author":"Afsar","journal-title":"IJISCM"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1249020","article-title":"Emotional intelligence as a predictor of job satisfaction: the mediating role of conflict management in nurses","volume":"11","author":"Soriano-V\u00e1zquez","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2024.106337","article-title":"Pedagogical strategies to improve emotional competencies in nursing students: a systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Napolitano","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teln.2023.12.012","article-title":"Reflecting on soft skills development sessions: utilizing reflective journaling to enhance nursing students\u2019 soft skills","volume":"19","author":"Widad","journal-title":"Teaching and Learning in Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep14040208","article-title":"Strategical pedagogy for the development of socio-emotional competences in nursing students","volume":"14","author":"Leal","journal-title":"Nurs Rep"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.07.015","article-title":"Non-technical skills assessment for prelicensure nursing students: an integrative review","volume":"58","author":"Pires","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enfcli.2020.10.019","article-title":"Soft skill elements in structured clinical nursing assessment for undergraduate nursing students: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Jamaludin","journal-title":"Enfermer\u00eda Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2025.106576","article-title":"Development of mobile educational applications designed for nurses: a narrative review","volume":"147","author":"Armour","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48810","article-title":"Experiences of using a digital guidance and assessment tool (the technology-optimized practice process in nursing application) during clinical practice in a nursing home: focus group study among nursing students","volume":"7","author":"Johnsen","journal-title":"JMIR Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teln.2024.02.009","article-title":"Utilization and perception of a digital clinical tracking tool in undergraduate nursing education","volume":"19","author":"Shajani","journal-title":"Teaching and Learning in Nursing"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105476","article-title":"The use of eportfolios in pre-registration health professional clinical education: an integrative review","volume":"117","author":"Tickle","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"12","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2015.08.022","article-title":"Finessing incivility: the professional socialisation experiences of student nurses\u2019 first clinical placement, a grounded theory","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"4","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2013.22.4.223","article-title":"Role modelling and students\u2019 professional development","volume":"22","author":"Felstead","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teln.2022.04.006","article-title":"Nursing students\u2019 experiences with clinical placement as a learning environment for assertiveness: a qualitative interview study","volume":"17","author":"Bril","journal-title":"Teaching and Learning in Nursing"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2025.106593","article-title":"A mixed methods study examining a socioemotional skills training program based on active learning methodologies in undergraduate nursing students","volume":"147","author":"Lanza","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.profnurs.2022.07.010","article-title":"Strategies used to teach soft skills in undergraduate nursing education: a scoping review","volume":"42","author":"Widad","journal-title":"J Prof Nurs"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104982","article-title":"Evaluation of a digital application to support internationally qualified nurses\u2019 communication and leadership skills","volume":"104","author":"Aggar","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2020.09.009","article-title":"Exploring reflective journaling as a learning tool: an interdisciplinary approach","volume":"35","author":"Horton","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2016.06.005","article-title":"Learning from clinical placement experience: analysing nursing students\u2019 final reflections in a digital storytelling activity","volume":"20","author":"Paliadelis","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2017.04.004","article-title":"A guide to nursing students\u2019 written reflections for students and educators","volume":"25","author":"Naber","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/NND.0000000000000151","article-title":"Reflection as an educational strategy in nursing professional development: an integrative review","volume":"31","author":"Miraglia","journal-title":"J Nurses Prof Dev"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.7383.4371","article-title":"Mobile devices for developing nursing students\u2019 professional skills: scoping review","volume":"32","author":"Silva","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2020.104706","article-title":"Effects of mobile learning for nursing students in clinical education: a meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Chen","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"11","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/CIN.0000000000000263","article-title":"Promoting nursing students\u2019 clinical learning through a mobile e-portfolio","volume":"34","author":"Lai","journal-title":"Comput Inform Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-02-2018-0008","article-title":"Using mobile devices to support cognitive apprenticeship in clinical nursing practice \u2013 a case study","volume":"15","author":"Lai","journal-title":"ITSE"},{"issue":"2","key":"R29","first-page":"87","volume":"9","author":"Madden","journal-title":"Int J EPortfolio"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.07.013","article-title":"Smartphones and mobile applications (apps) in clinical nursing education: a student perspective","volume":"69","author":"O\u2019Connor","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"3","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-019-09245-8","article-title":"Students\u2019 conceptual understanding and attitudes towards technology and user experience before and after use of an ePortfolio","volume":"32","author":"Slade","journal-title":"J Comput High Educ"},{"key":"R32","unstructured":"Kolb DA . Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. FT Press; 2014. ISBN: 978-0-13-389250-5"},{"key":"R33","unstructured":"Zimmerman BJ Moylan AR . Self-Regulation: Where Metacognition and Motivation Intersect. Handb Metacognition Educ Routledge; 2009. ISBN: 978-0-203-87642-8"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oinas-Kukkonen H Harjumaa M . Persuasive systems design: key issues, process model and system features. In: Routledge Handbook of Policy Design. Routledge; 2018. [doi: 10.4324\/9781351252928-6] ISBN: 9781351252928","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351252928-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3233\/ACS-210024","article-title":"The enablers and barriers to facilitating the development of reflective practice skills of third level allied health professional students through technology: a scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Gilheaney","journal-title":"ACS"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2025.106688","article-title":"Digital reflective practice among new graduate nurses - a scoping review","volume":"150","author":"Bembridge","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100376","article-title":"Reflection literacy: a multilevel perspective on the challenges of using reflections in higher education through a comprehensive literature review","volume":"32","author":"Chan","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/14623943.2011.541093","article-title":"The case of reflective journals: is the jury still out?","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Connell","journal-title":"Reflective Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2501_6","article-title":"Goal setting and self-efficacy during self-regulated learning","volume":"25","author":"Schunk","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"R40","unstructured":"Creswell JW Clark VLP . Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. 3rd ed. Sage; 2017. ISBN: 9781483344379"},{"key":"R41","unstructured":"Miller D Bustamante C . Drawing mixed methods procedural diagrams second lang assess mix methods research. In: Moeller AJ Creswell JW Saville N , editors. Second Language Assessment and Mixed Methods Research. Cambridge University Press Cambridge; 2016:84-118. ISBN: 9781316505038"},{"issue":"74","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/ev.1073","article-title":"Mixing and matching: methods and models","volume":"1997","author":"Smith","journal-title":"New Drctns Evaluation"},{"issue":"1","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-009-9035-7","article-title":"Theoretical, conceptual, methodological, and instructional issues in research on metacognition and self-regulated learning: a discussion","volume":"4","author":"Azevedo","journal-title":"Metacognition Learning"},{"issue":"5","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.09.009","article-title":"The learning kit project: software tools for supporting and researching regulation of collaborative learning","volume":"26","author":"Winne","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korthagen FAJ Kessels J Koster B Lagerwerf B Wubbels T . Linking Practice and Theory: The Pedagogy of Realistic Teacher Education. Routledge; 2001. [doi: 10.4324\/9781410600523] ISBN: 978-1-4106-0052-3","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410600523"},{"issue":"10","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2012.06.015","article-title":"Evaluation of an eportfolio for the assessment of clinical competence in a baccalaureate nursing program","volume":"33","author":"Garrett","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12502","article-title":"Development of e-portfolio in undergraduate clinical dentistry: how trainees select and reflect on evidence","volume":"24","author":"Greviana","journal-title":"Eur J Dent Educ"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2020.104520","article-title":"Developing reflective competence between simulation and clinical practice through a learning transference model: a qualitative study","volume":"92","author":"Roca","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2016.07.011","article-title":"An integrated model for the effects of self-reflection and clinical experiential learning on clinical nursing performance in nursing students: a longitudinal study","volume":"45","author":"Pai","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716212458082","article-title":"The use and effects of incentives in surveys","volume":"645","author":"Singer","journal-title":"Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci"}],"container-title":["JMIR Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T20:53:04Z","timestamp":1785963184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nursing.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e91083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/91083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2562-7600"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2562-7600","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"article-number":"v9i1e91083"}}