{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:46:45Z","timestamp":1787870805845,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Locator devices are increasingly being used to help manage wandering among people living with dementia. While these technologies can be beneficial, they also raise significant ethical questions. These ethical questions are faced in both the development and use of these devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study is to develop and present a question-based ethical framework that can guide both the use and the development of locator devices in dementia care, ensuring that stakeholder needs and values are balanced effectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A four-step process informed the framework\u2019s creation: (1) literature collection (systematic searches of empirical, normative, and development-focused research were conducted); (2) content analysis (an inductive qualitative analysis of collected literature identified key ethical concerns, arguments, and stakeholder perspectives); (3) iterative framework drafting (insights were translated into open-ended questions and refined through regular team discussions); and (4) stakeholder consultation (feedback from health professionals, older adults, family members, developers, and ethicists was used to refine and finalize the framework).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The resulting framework is organized around 3 themes\u2014vision, process, and impact\u2014each containing guiding questions that encourage dialogical reflection and decision-making. For \u201cuse,\u201d these questions help care communities clarify goals, define processes, and assess outcomes. For \u201cdevelopment,\u201d they aid developers in articulating device objectives, anticipating risks, and aligning product features with end-user values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By providing guiding questions that can be adapted to local needs and contexts, this framework fosters a more inclusive, transparent, and ethically accountable approach to developing and using locator devices in dementia care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/91667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:11:50Z","timestamp":1783447910000},"page":"e91667-e91667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Guiding the Ethics of Locator Devices in Dementia Care: Tutorial on Developing a Question-Based Ethical Framework"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-9655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared","family":"Howes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3715-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Denier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5683-6067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijs","family":"Vandemeulebroucke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5522-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Gastmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860701366434","article-title":"Mapping the maze of terms and definitions in dementia-related wandering","volume":"11","author":"Algase","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12044","article-title":"Wandering and dementia","volume":"14","author":"Cipriani","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317509332625","article-title":"A framework for managing wandering and preventing elopement","volume":"24","author":"Moore","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"issue":"5","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3928\/19404921-20190522-01","article-title":"Wandering behavior from the perspectives of older adults with mild to moderate dementia in long-term care","volume":"12","author":"Adekoya","journal-title":"Res Gerontol Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733014533237","article-title":"The experiences of people with dementia and intellectual disabilities with surveillance technologies in residential care","volume":"22","author":"Niemeijer","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"key":"R6","unstructured":"M\u00fcller I Mertin M Rolf M . Technology as an area of conflict between autonomy and safety-acceptance and attitudes of family caregivers in regard to technical assistance to ensure safe areas of movement for people with dementia diseases. Presented at: Proceedings of ICT4AWE 2017; Apr 28-29, 2017; Porto, Portugal. URL: https:\/\/www.scitepress.org\/Papers\/2017\/62830\/ [Accessed 22-06-2026]"},{"issue":"6","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2019.1686074","article-title":"What are the perceptions of people living with dementia, family carers, professionals and other potential stakeholders to the use of global positioning systems to promote safer outdoor walking?: a qualitative literature review","volume":"16","author":"Cooper","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1108\/17549450200800007","article-title":"Safer walking? Issues and ethics in the use of electronic surveillance of people with dementia","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","journal-title":"J Assist Technol"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/64445","article-title":"Use of digital health technologies for dementia care: bibliometric analysis and report","volume":"12","author":"Abdulazeem","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093336","article-title":"Wearable and portable GPS solutions for monitoring mobility in dementia: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Cullen","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"11","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15122","article-title":"Examining mobile technologies to support older adults with dementia through the lens of personhood and human needs: scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Koo","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"4","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/38865","article-title":"Electronic tracking devices for people with dementia: content analysis of company websites","volume":"5","author":"Howes","journal-title":"JMIR Aging"},{"issue":"10","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27267","article-title":"Mobile safety alarms based on GPS technology in the care of older adults: systematic review of evidence based on a general evidence framework for digital health technologies","volume":"23","author":"Ehn","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1155-6","article-title":"Moving beyond \u201csafety\u201d versus \u201cautonomy\u201d: a qualitative exploration of the ethics of using monitoring technologies in long-term dementia care","volume":"19","author":"Hall","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104419","article-title":"Electronic tracking devices in dementia care: a systematic review of argument-based ethics literature","volume":"95","author":"Howes","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnz190","article-title":"Towards responsible implementation of monitoring technologies in institutional care","volume":"60","author":"Grigorovich","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211001888","article-title":"Ethical aspects of using GPS for tracking people with dementia: recommendations for practice","volume":"24","author":"Landau","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"R18","unstructured":"Niemeijer AR . Exploring good care with surveillance technology in residential care for vulnerable people [Dissertation]. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; 2015. URL: https:\/\/research.vu.nl\/en\/publications\/exploring-good-care-with-surveillance-technology-in-residential-c\/ [Accessed 29-06-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02323-6","article-title":"Overcoming barriers to the adoption of locating technologies in dementia care: a multi-stakeholder focus group study","volume":"21","author":"Freiesleben","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317510376944","article-title":"Acceptance of wearable technology by people with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: issues and accommodations","volume":"25","author":"Mahoney","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"issue":"3","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2018-0002","article-title":"Reflections of the use of locating technologies with persons with dementia: proceedings of a key stakeholder forum","volume":"8","author":"Neubauer","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.31577\/cai_2022_2_646","article-title":"SingTRACeX: navigation system to address wandering behavior for elders and their caregivers","volume":"41","author":"Teo","journal-title":"Comput Inform"},{"issue":"11","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10196","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3123543","article-title":"Time series data processing for classifying wandering patterns in people with dementia","volume":"22","author":"Diaz-Ramirez","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branco RM Hendriks N Lenaerts L Wilkinson A . The challenges of creating design requirements for products for people with dementia. In: Brankaert R Raber C Houben M Malcolm P Hannan J , editors. Dementia Lab 2021: Supporting Ability Through Design. Springer; 2021:15-25. [doi: 10.1007\/978-3-030-70293-9_2]","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70293-9_2"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brankaert R IJsselsteijn W Tummers-Heemels A . Warm technology: a novel perspective on design for and with people living with dementia. In: Brankaert R Kenning G , editors. HCI and Design in the Context of Dementia. Springer; 2020:33-47. [doi: 10.1007\/978-3-030-32835-1_3]","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32835-1_3"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson A Hendriks N . The Emergence of Empathy Through Designing for One. Taylor and Francis; 2022. [doi: 10.4324\/9781003095460-7]","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003095460-7"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2023.2240791","article-title":"\u2018I already forgot half of it\u2019\u2014Interviewing people with dementia for co-designing an intelligent system","volume":"39","author":"Suijkerbuijk","journal-title":"Hum Comput Interact"},{"key":"R28","unstructured":"Collingridge D . The Social Control of Technology. St. Martin\u2019s Press; 1982. ISBN: 0-312-73168-X"},{"issue":"6","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1145\/242485.242493","article-title":"Value-sensitive design","volume":"3","author":"Friedman","journal-title":"interactions"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winner L . Do artifacts have politics? In: Computer Ethics. Routledge; 1980:177-192. [doi: 10.4324\/9781315259697-21]","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315259697-21"},{"issue":"3","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-024-00478-0","article-title":"The ethics of electronic tracking devices in dementia care: an interview study with developers","volume":"30","author":"Howes","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-017-9976-1","article-title":"Ethical design of intelligent assistive technologies for dementia: a descriptive review","volume":"24","author":"Ienca","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221113774","article-title":"Addressing ethical gaps in \u2018Technology for Good\u2019: foregrounding care and capabilities","volume":"9","author":"Powell","journal-title":"Big Data Soc"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055668319869517","article-title":"What do we require from surveillance technology? A review of the needs of people with dementia and informal caregivers","volume":"6","author":"Vermeer","journal-title":"J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23299460.2025.2459451","article-title":"From applied ethics to innovation practice: an ethics-by-design approach for constructive consideration of ELSI in technological design decisions","volume":"12","author":"Mehlich","journal-title":"J Responsible Innov"},{"issue":"5","key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2963095","article-title":"Design of a GPS monitoring system for dementia care and its challenges in academia-industry project","volume":"23","author":"Wan","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput-Hum Interact"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-015-0010-3","article-title":"A systematic review of empirical bioethics methodologies","volume":"16","author":"Davies","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-018-0304-3","article-title":"Standards of practice in empirical bioethics research: towards a consensus","volume":"19","author":"Ives","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-023-10286-z","article-title":"The vagueness of integrating the empirical and the normative: researchers\u2019 views on doing empirical bioethics","volume":"21","author":"Wangmo","journal-title":"J Bioeth Inq"},{"issue":"5","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2010.01809.x","article-title":"Who\u2019s arguing? A call for reflexivity in bioethics","volume":"24","author":"Ives","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733012473772","article-title":"Dignity-enhancing nursing care: a foundational ethical framework","volume":"20","author":"Gastmans","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11017-019-09490-z","article-title":"The healing relationship: Edmund Pellegrino\u2019s philosophy of the physician-patient encounter","volume":"40","author":"Toombs","journal-title":"Theor Med Bioeth"},{"key":"R43","unstructured":"Dr\u00f6es RM Vermeer Y Libert S et al. Best practice guidance: human interaction with technology in dementia: recommendations based on the research conducted in the Marie Sklodowska Curie International Training Network INDUCT. INDUCT. 2019. URL: https:\/\/www.dementiainduct.eu\/guidance\/ [Accessed 10-06-2026]"},{"key":"R44","unstructured":"Hendriks N Truyen F Duval E . Designing with dementia: guidelines for participatory design together with persons with dementia. Presented at: Human-Computer Interaction\u2014INTERACT 2013 14th IFIP TC 13 International Conference; Sep 2-6, 2013; Cape Town, South Africa."},{"issue":"1","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jht059","article-title":"Systematic reviews in bioethics: types, challenges, and value","volume":"39","author":"McDougall","journal-title":"J Med Philos"},{"issue":"2","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2011-100096","article-title":"How to write a systematic review of reasons","volume":"38","author":"Strech","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"12","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5729","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722002951","article-title":"Irremediability in psychiatric euthanasia: examining the objective standard","volume":"53","author":"Nicolini","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R48","unstructured":"Attribution 4.0 international (CC BY 4.0). Creative Commons. URL: https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/ [Accessed 22-06-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.11157\/fohpe.v23i1.544","article-title":"Inductive content analysis: a guide for beginning qualitative researchers","volume":"23","author":"Vears","journal-title":"Focus Health Prof Educ"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels N Sabin J . Setting Limits Fairly: Can We Learn to Share Medical Resources. Oxford University Press; 2002. ISBN: 9780195149364","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195149364.001.0001"},{"issue":"2","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.12927\/hcq..17099","article-title":"Evidence, economics and ethics: resource allocation in health services organizations","volume":"8","author":"Gibson","journal-title":"Healthc Q"},{"key":"R52","unstructured":"Project Lifesaver International: Bringing Loved Ones Home. 2025. URL: https:\/\/projectlifesaver.org\/ [Accessed 16-06-2025]"},{"key":"R53","unstructured":"New Zealand Land Search and Rescue. WanderSearch. 2025. URL: https:\/\/wandersearchnz.org.nz\/ [Accessed 16-06-2025]"},{"issue":"5","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-024-00499-9","article-title":"Team factors in ethical decision making: a content analysis of interviews with scientists and engineers","volume":"30","author":"Watts","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2007.11.004","article-title":"The level and determinants of mission statement use: a questionnaire survey","volume":"45","author":"Desmidt","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732309359171","article-title":"Families\u2019 and professional caregivers\u2019 views of using advanced technology to track people with dementia","volume":"20","author":"Landau","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301212460445","article-title":"Electronic tracking for people with dementia: an exploratory study of the ethical issues experienced by carers in making decisions about usage","volume":"13","author":"White","journal-title":"Dementia (London)"},{"issue":"5","key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2010.040774","article-title":"The ideal application of surveillance technology in residential care for people with dementia","volume":"37","author":"Niemeijer","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-022-09656-9","article-title":"Matching values to technology: a value sensitive design approach to identify values and use cases of an assistive system for people with dementia in institutional care","volume":"24","author":"K\u00f6hler","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/08404704221110734","article-title":"Ageing, technology, and health: advancing the concepts of autonomy and independence","volume":"35","author":"Liu","journal-title":"Healthc Manage Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733019845132","article-title":"Ethical issues related to the use of gerontechnology in older people care: a scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Sundgren","journal-title":"Nurs Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-021-00296-8","article-title":"Socially assistive robots in aged care: ethical orientations beyond the care-romantic and technology-deterministic gaze","volume":"27","author":"Vandemeulebroucke","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"3","key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1008933310139","article-title":"From bedside to boardroom: sociological shifts and bioethics","volume":"12","author":"Wolpe","journal-title":"HEC Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12126-018-9340-z","article-title":"Understanding the role of technology in care: the implementation of GPS-technology in dementia treatment","volume":"44","author":"Spilker","journal-title":"Ageing Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.2345\/0899-8205-46.4.268","article-title":"Monitor alarm fatigue: an integrative review","volume":"46","author":"Cvach","journal-title":"Biomed Instrum Technol"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.04.008","article-title":"Implementing monitoring technologies in care homes for people with dementia: a qualitative exploration using Normalization Process Theory","volume":"72","author":"Hall","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2022.3173353","article-title":"Co-designing location-based services for individuals living with dementia: an overview of present and future modes of operation","volume":"41","author":"Abbas","journal-title":"IEEE Technol Soc Mag"},{"key":"R68","unstructured":"Certification-D\u2014Certification of technological products for people with dementia to support SMEs in innovation and business growth. Interreg North-West Europe Certification-D. 2023. URL: https:\/\/vb.nweurope.eu\/projects\/project-search\/certification-d-certification-of-technological-products-for-people-with-dementia-to-support-smes-in-innovation-and-business-growth\/ [Accessed 10-06-2026]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1332\/17442648Y2025D000000049","article-title":"Towards (more) evidence-based ethics guidelines: devising the REIGN framework","volume":"21","author":"Klingler","journal-title":"Evid Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2007.04.388","article-title":"In-home monitoring of persons with dementia: ethical guidelines for technology research and development","volume":"3","author":"Mahoney","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonardi PM . Materiality, sociomateriality, and socio-technical systems: what do these terms mean? How are they different? Do we need them? In: Leonardi PM Nardi BA Kallinikos J , editors. Materiality and Organizing: Social Interaction in a Technological World. Oxford University Press; 2012. ISBN: 9780199664054","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2129878"},{"issue":"6","key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012241248556","article-title":"Implementing global positioning system trackers for people with dementia who are at risk of wandering","volume":"23","author":"Doyle","journal-title":"Dementia (London)"},{"issue":"3","key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12109","article-title":"Ethical implications of home telecare for older people: a framework derived from a multisited participative study","volume":"18","author":"Mort","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"issue":"1","key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462313000688","article-title":"Harmonization of ethics in health technology assessment: a revision of the Socratic approach","volume":"30","author":"Hofmann","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2018.1433738","article-title":"Supporting ethical use of electronic monitoring for people living with dementia: social work\u2019s role in assessment, decision-making, and review","volume":"61","author":"Bantry-White","journal-title":"J Gerontol Soc Work"},{"issue":"3","key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-022-00377-2","article-title":"Which framework to use? A systematic review of ethical frameworks for the screening or evaluation of health technology innovations","volume":"28","author":"Vandemeulebroucke","journal-title":"Sci Eng Ethics"},{"issue":"7302","key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/466029a","article-title":"Most people are not WEIRD","volume":"466","author":"Henrich","journal-title":"Nature New Biol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e91667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:24:07Z","timestamp":1785536647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e91667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":77,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/91667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"article-number":"v28i6e91667"}}