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Virtual reality (VR) presents a potential solution to help support the effective administration of treatment, but its application in the field of OCD has thus far been limited to replicating real-world environments used in exposure exercises, despite the potential to generate environments and stimuli beyond what is possible in reality. Participatory design methods are an effective way to ensure that the development of novel interventions is relevant to the intended end users and is grounded in their expertise and experiences.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n The aim of the workshops conducted in this study was 2-fold. First, to understand the opinions of relevant stakeholders (clinicians and people with lived experience of OCD) on the current state of OCD treatment. Second, to generate novel ideas with the direct input of stakeholders for how VR might effectively be applied to support the treatment of OCD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In total, 6 clinicians with experience of treating OCD and 6 people with lived experience of OCD participated in a combination of round-table discussions in large groups, and creative design exercises conducted in smaller groups and individual interviews. All workshops and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using collaborative qualitative analysis. Themes were then synthesized via narrative synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Three themes relating to the first aim were identified: socializing to the model, effective exposure work, and therapeutic alliance (predominantly raised by people with lived experience of OCD). Five themes relating to the second aim were identified, with ideas for VR use covering 5 mechanisms by which it might support treatment: enabling effective exposure work, modeling, illustrating metaphors and the treatment framework, anxiety management, and motivation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Findings from the first workshops largely restate previous findings emphasizing the importance of clients developing a comprehensive shared understanding of the cognitive model of treatment with their therapist. People with lived experience of OCD also highlighted the importance of developing trust in their therapist\u2019s expertise and ability to understand nuances of individual cases. Findings from the second workshop produced a wide variety of ideas for how VR could support the treatment of OCD. Many of these go beyond the concept of simply enabling exposure work as seen in previous literature. Methods to increase client engagement with the cognitive model during treatment were described, and people with lived experience proposed methods of managing anxiety experienced during treatment to facilitate approach behaviors. Avenues for further development of these ideas and areas for further refinement are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/92410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:25:10Z","timestamp":1783099510000},"page":"e92410-e92410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel Virtual Reality Methods for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using a User-Centered Design Approach: Focus Group Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6426-3744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Colman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-5019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josie F A","family":"Millar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4989-6840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhagyashree","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1169-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J","family":"Finnegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8196-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mhairi","family":"Kristoffersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3062-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danae","family":"Stanton Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19r13085","article-title":"Women are at greater risk of OCD than men: a meta-analytic review of OCD prevalence worldwide","volume":"81","author":"Fawcett","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94","article-title":"The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"15","author":"Ruscio","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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