{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:21:37Z","timestamp":1787674897506,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Interact J Med Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n With population aging and the growing burden of chronic diseases, the number of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in China continues to rise. Nursing robots have been recognized as one potential approach to help alleviate nursing workload. However, patient-centered functional needs with respect to such robots among patients with CVD remain insufficiently explored in China.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n On the basis of the Kano model, this study aimed to analyze attitudes toward and demand priorities regarding nursing robot functions among patients with CVD. The findings may provide evidence to support function optimization and wider clinical application of nursing robots in China.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A cross-sectional study was conducted at Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital from July 2024 to June 2025. Convenience sampling was used to enroll 156 patients with CVD. Data were collected using a self-designed questionnaire, including demographic characteristics and a 15-item Kano scale for nursing robot functions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kano classification, better-worse coefficients, and a 4-quadrant diagram.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Among 15 functional items, accompanying care, consulting education, information management, and monitoring and warning were classified as must-be attributes; activity management, rehabilitation physiotherapy, drug management, security management, and logistics transfer were one-dimensional attributes; infection management, first aid skills, and nutritional care were attractive attributes; and sampling operation, personal hygiene management, and excretory care were indifferent attributes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our study reveals that patients with CVD generally exhibited high acceptance of nursing robots, but there were significant differences in functional requirements. When introducing nursing robots into clinical settings, priority should be given to essential attributes such as monitoring and warning, as well as educational consultation, along with expected attributes such as medication management. At the same time, attractive attributes such as infection management can be developed as value-added features. For nondifferentiated attributes such as personal hygiene management, selective configurations can be implemented based on clinical needs to enhance the clinical applicability and patient acceptance of nursing robots.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/92610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:41:20Z","timestamp":1787672480000},"page":"e92610-e92610","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding the Functional Needs of Patients With Cardiovascular Disease Regarding Nursing Robots Using a Kano Survey Scale: Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2038-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"XiuLi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3723-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aimei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Cardiovascular diseases. World Health Organization. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/cardiovascular-diseases\/#tab=tab_1 [Accessed 28-06-2026]"},{"issue":"8","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001209","article-title":"2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Martin","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2023.106","article-title":"Report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2022: an updated summary","volume":"36","author":"Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.08.060","article-title":"The burden of cardiovascular disease in China: incidence estimates from national surveillance (2023)","author":"Zheng","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2022.01068","article-title":"Current state of care for the elderly in China in the context of an aging population","volume":"16","author":"Bao","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1104853","article-title":"The relationship between professional quality of life and work environment among ICU nurses in Chinese: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Ni","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1434","article-title":"A systematic review study on the factors affecting shortage of nursing workforce in the hospitals","volume":"10","author":"Tamata","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"R8","first-page":"100","volume":"15","author":"Douthit","journal-title":"Am Nurs J"},{"issue":"10","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2024.07.014","article-title":"Use of artificial intelligence including multimodal systems to improve the management of cardiovascular disease","volume":"40","author":"Jaltotage","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.05.003","article-title":"Transforming cardiovascular care with artificial intelligence: from discovery to practice: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"84","author":"Khera","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/jonm\/7853870","article-title":"Patterns and trends in global nursing robotics research: a bibliometric study","volume":"2025","author":"Zhang","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"issue":"8","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13425","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in enhancing clinical nursing care: a scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Ng","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104273","article-title":"Intelligent robotic systems for structural health monitoring: applications and future trends","volume":"139","author":"Tian","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"issue":"3","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4027113","article-title":"Casper: an assistive kitchen robot to promote aging in place","volume":"8","author":"Bovbel","journal-title":"J Med Devices"},{"issue":"2","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021281","article-title":"Comparison of the physical care burden on formal caregivers between manual human care using a paper diaper and robot-aided care in excretion care","volume":"20","author":"Ko","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-021-00851-0","article-title":"Potential applications of social robots in robot-assisted interventions for social anxiety","volume":"14","author":"Rasouli","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito R Fiorini L Limosani R et al. Supporting active and healthy aging with advanced robotics integrated in smart environment. In: Morsi YS Shukla A Rathore CP , editors. Optimizing Assistive Technologies for Aging Populations. IGI Global Scientific Publishing; 2016:46-77. [doi: 10.4018\/978-1-4666-9530-6]","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-9530-6.ch003"},{"issue":"6","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.101996","article-title":"What influences patients\u2019 continuance intention to use AI-powered service robots at hospitals? The role of individual characteristics","volume":"70","author":"Liu","journal-title":"Technol Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13646","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and robot nurses: from nurse managers\u2019 perspective: a descriptive cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Ergin","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13711","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 needs for care robots in integrated nursing care services","author":"Lee","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18003","article-title":"Role of assistive robots in the care of older people: survey study among medical and nursing students","volume":"22","author":"\u0141ukasik","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnss.2021.12.012","article-title":"Demand analysis of an intelligent medication administration system for older adults with chronic diseases based on the Kano model","volume":"9","author":"Mao","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290828","article-title":"A Kano model-based demand analysis and perceived barriers of pulmonary rehabilitation interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China","volume":"18","author":"Yao","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-024-01377-8","article-title":"Spiritual care needs and their attributes among Chinese inpatients with advanced breast cancer based on the Kano model: a descriptive cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Wang","journal-title":"BMC Palliat Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3870\/j.issn.1001-4152.2023.11.053","article-title":"A survey of clinical nurses\u2019 needs for nursing robot applications based on the Kano model","volume":"38","author":"Gu","journal-title":"J Nurs"},{"issue":"9","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00132-1","article-title":"Patient and general public attitudes towards clinical artificial intelligence: a mixed methods systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Young","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59442","article-title":"Assessing visitor expectations of AI nursing robots in hospital settings: cross-sectional study using the Kano model","volume":"7","author":"Kang","journal-title":"JMIR Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85540-y","article-title":"Design of walking aids for the elderly based on the Kano-AHP-FEC method","volume":"15","author":"Wang","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2021.101255","article-title":"Spoken language interaction with robots: recommendations for future research","volume":"71","author":"Marge","journal-title":"Comput Speech Lang"},{"issue":"11","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101922","article-title":"Smart technologies used as smart tools in the management of cardiovascular disease and their future perspective","volume":"48","author":"Ullah","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052781","article-title":"Healthcare utilisation and clinical outcomes in older cardiovascular patients receiving comprehensive medication management services: a nonrandomised clinical study","volume":"19","author":"Brajkovi\u0107","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061183","article-title":"Severe infection and risk of cardiovascular disease: a multicohort study","volume":"147","author":"Sipil\u00e4","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"23","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2025.2587835","article-title":"Bridging between clinical nursing practice and robotics: which nursing tasks can be delegated to robots?","volume":"39","author":"Komagata","journal-title":"Adv Robot"},{"issue":"3","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1762118","article-title":"From high-touch to high-tech: COVID-19 drives robotics adoption","volume":"22","author":"Zeng","journal-title":"Tour Geogr"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48600","article-title":"Acceptance of AI in health care for short- and long-term treatments: pilot development study of an integrated theoretical model","volume":"8","author":"Wichmann","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"}],"container-title":["Interactive Journal of Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:41:25Z","timestamp":1787672485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.i-jmr.org\/2026\/1\/e92610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/92610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1929-073X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1929-073X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"article-number":"v15i8e92610"}}