{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:43:41Z","timestamp":1785545021009,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute respiratory infections caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 remain a major public health challenge in Europe. Although surveillance systems for these pathogens are well established, the past 2 decades have seen a rapid diversification of data streams supporting surveillance and research. This expanding data landscape, combined with fragmentation across institutions, sectors, and countries, may limit timely evidence synthesis and effective public health decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review aimed to identify and characterize data sources used for surveillance and research on influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Europe over the past 20 years, and to examine their evolution over time, their alignment with research objectives, and geographic variation in data availability and use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a scoping review using an objective-driven analytical framework. Empirical reports published between January 2005 and September 2025 were identified in MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase. Eligible reports focused on influenza, RSV, or SARS-CoV-2 and included data from 12 European countries. Clinical and interventional studies were excluded. Reports were classified according to 4 research objectives: epidemiological monitoring, evaluation of interventions, assessment of disease burden and health outcomes, and analyses of population adherence and trust toward public health measures. Data sources were grouped into 9 categories, including surveillance systems, electronic health records (EHRs), registries, claims, surveys, digital, environmental, integrated datasets, and others.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2564 empirical reports were included. Over time, respiratory virus research relied on an increasingly diverse set of data streams. While surveillance systems remained central, particularly for epidemiological monitoring, their relative dominance declined. From 2020 onward, there was a marked expansion in the use of EHRs, registries, claims data, digital sources, and linked or integrated datasets, alongside increased use of open-access data. Data source use varied by research objective: surveillance data predominated in monitoring and intervention evaluation; EHRs in studies of risk factors and treatment effectiveness; surveys in seroprevalence and public trust analyses; and claims data in assessments of economic burden. Substantial geographic disparities were observed. Northern European countries more frequently used linked and multisource datasets, whereas Southern Europe relied more often on open-access or single-source data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review provides a multipathogen, cross-country mapping of data sources for respiratory virus surveillance and research in Europe over 2 decades, applying an innovative objective-driven framework. Unlike prior reviews focused on single pathogens or data types, it offers a consolidated, comparative perspective based on 2564 reports to inform public health decision-making. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated innovation in data generation and access, but progress remained largely centered on SARS-CoV-2, while structural fragmentation continues to limit timely, integrated data across Europe. Strengthening preparedness will require interoperable infrastructures, federated analysis platforms, sustainable funding for surveillance innovations, and cross-sectoral data sharing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/92917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T17:10:08Z","timestamp":1780938608000},"page":"e92917-e92917","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Pandemics Have Reshaped the Respiratory Virus Data Landscape in Europe: Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7510-2429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brice","family":"Mastrovito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3345-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire Nour","family":"Abou Chakra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7570-1600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Mah\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3788-878X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta C","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00176-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"24","author":"Bender","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10433","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00138-7","article-title":"Global disease burden of and risk factors for acute lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus in preterm infants and young children in 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregated and individual participant data","volume":"403","author":"Wang","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01080-4","article-title":"Burden of acute respiratory infections caused by influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2 with consideration of older adults: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Hanage","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01081-3","article-title":"A narrative review of key risk factors for severe illness following SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Branche","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04177","article-title":"Characteristics of influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV surveillance systems that utilise ICD-coded data: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Agyei-Manu","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.31499","article-title":"Clinical testing for COVID-19, influenza, and RSV in hospitalized youths, 2016\u20132024","volume":"8","author":"Toepfer","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"22","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2514268","article-title":"Updated evidence for COVID-19, RSV, and influenza vaccines for 2025\u20132026","volume":"393","author":"Scott","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12989","article-title":"Clinical and socioeconomic burden of rhinoviruses\/enteroviruses in the community","volume":"16","author":"Halabi","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2024.100679","article-title":"The global burden of human metapneumovirus-associated acute respiratory infections in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Kulkarni","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"8","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00535-6","article-title":"Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses","volume":"19","author":"Leung","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-012420-022445","article-title":"Seasonality of respiratory viral infections","volume":"7","author":"Moriyama","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o2681","article-title":"US faces triple epidemic of flu, RSV, and COVID","volume":"379","author":"Tanne","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8047","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08166-6","article-title":"Dairy cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1","volume":"637","author":"Baker","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"suppl_4","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S380","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw376","article-title":"Infectious disease surveillance in the big data era: towards faster and locally relevant systems","volume":"214","author":"Simonsen","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100316","article-title":"The dawn of digital public health in Europe: implications for public health policy and practice","volume":"14","author":"Wong","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"1","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01768-6","article-title":"Real-world data: a brief review of the methods, applications, challenges and opportunities","volume":"22","author":"Liu","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13037","article-title":"Influenza surveillance systems using traditional and alternative sources of data: a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Hammond","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/49185","article-title":"Changes to public health surveillance methods due to the COVID-19 pandemic: scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Clark","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"40","key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.40.1900157","article-title":"Current practices for respiratory syncytial virus surveillance across the EU\/EEA Member States, 2017","volume":"24","author":"Mollers","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-017-0233-9","article-title":"Global research trends of World Health Organization\u2019s top eight emerging pathogens","volume":"13","author":"Sweileh","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","article-title":"PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Rethlefsen","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.29173\/jchla29737","article-title":"Product review of SR accelerator deduplicator","volume":"45","author":"Couban","journal-title":"J Can Health Libr Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.03.008","article-title":"What Is real-world data? A review of definitions based on literature and stakeholder interviews","volume":"20","author":"Makady","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","article-title":"Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews","volume":"18","author":"Peters","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"R25","unstructured":"The R Project for Statistical Computing. URL: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/ [Accessed 26-06-2026]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-023-01838-z","article-title":"Characteristics and specifications of dashboards developed for the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review","volume":"32","author":"Khodaveisi","journal-title":"J Public Health (Berl)"},{"issue":"19","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910496","article-title":"Open data resources on COVID-19 in six European countries: issues and opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Pecoraro","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e748","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00147-9","article-title":"Data capture and sharing in the COVID-19 pandemic: a cause for concern","volume":"4","author":"Dron","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9050827","article-title":"COVID-19: open-data resources for monitoring, modeling, and forecasting the epidemic","volume":"9","author":"Alamo","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.568287","article-title":"Effects of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) related contact restrictions in Germany, March to May 2020, on the mobility and relation to infection patterns","volume":"8","author":"B\u00f6nisch","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1193750","article-title":"Exploring public sentiment and vaccination uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in England: a spatiotemporal and sociodemographic analysis of Twitter data","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100098","article-title":"Prevalence of antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2 following the first peak of infection in England: serial cross-sectional studies of 365,000 adults","volume":"4","author":"Ward","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"48","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.10.059","article-title":"Influenza vaccination uptake among high-risk target groups and health care workers in Spain and change from 2017 to 2020","volume":"39","author":"Sanz-Rojo","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"24","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249318","article-title":"Associations between COVID-19 incidence rates and exposure to PM2.5 and NO2: a nationwide observational study in Italy","volume":"17","author":"Fiasca","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16110","article-title":"Weather as a potential cause of regional differences in the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission in Poland: implications for epidemic forecasting","volume":"132","author":"Bochenek","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R36","unstructured":"Launching the EU wastewater surveillance dashboard. European Commission. 2025. URL: https:\/\/health.ec.europa.eu\/latest-updates\/launching-eu-wastewater-surveillance-dashboard-2025-01-29_en [Accessed 06-06-2025]"},{"issue":"9","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1454","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00279-6","article-title":"Health system resilience: a critical review and reconceptualisation","volume":"11","author":"Witter","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/covid5010012","article-title":"The disappearance of COVID-19 data dashboards: the case of ephemeral data","volume":"5","author":"Laituri","journal-title":"COVID"},{"issue":"6","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e976","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00170-5","article-title":"Wastewater monitoring can anchor global disease surveillance systems","volume":"11","author":"Keshaviah","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1498094","article-title":"Genomics costing tool: considerations for improving cost-efficiencies through cross scenario comparison","volume":"12","author":"Marklewitz","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf259","article-title":"Towards the institutionalization of wastewater surveillance for public health: results from the EU-WISH mapping survey","volume":"36","author":"Baz-Lomba","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.08.001","article-title":"COVID-19 in critically ill patients in North Brabant, the Netherlands: patient characteristics and outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Aleva","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010015","article-title":"Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus-related hospitalization over a 5-year period in Italy: evaluation of seasonality and age distribution before vaccine introduction","volume":"8","author":"Barbati","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08078-2","article-title":"Estimating the burden of influenza-attributable severe acute respiratory infections on the hospital system in Metropolitan France, 2012\u20132018","volume":"23","author":"Bernadou","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70054","article-title":"Changes in respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalisations epidemiology after nirsevimab introduction in Lyon, France","volume":"18","author":"Chauvel","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuhauser H Rosario AS Butschalowsky H et al. Germany\u2019s low SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence confirms effective containment in 2020: results of the nationwide RKI-SOEP study. medRxiv. Preprint posted online on Nov 24, 2021. [doi: 10.1101\/2021.11.22.21266711]","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.22.21266711"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1293-1","article-title":"Continued high incidence of children with severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 admitted to paediatric intensive care units in Germany during the first three post-pandemic influenza seasons, 2010\/11-2012\/13","volume":"15","author":"Streng","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy254","article-title":"Classification of spatiotemporal data for epidemic alert systems: monitoring influenza-like illness in France","volume":"188","author":"Polyakov","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764211426330","article-title":"Integrative analysis strategies for mixed data sources","volume":"56","author":"Bazeley","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"R50","first-page":"568","volume":"29","author":"Mainous","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-025-00365-7","article-title":"Electronic health records in epidemiology: appropriate questions, common biases, and potential sensitivity analyses","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.10.012","article-title":"A review of uses of health care utilization databases for epidemiologic research on therapeutics","volume":"58","author":"Schneeweiss","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.03.013","article-title":"Participation rates in epidemiologic studies","volume":"17","author":"Galea","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118812","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution on COVID-19 incidence: a population-based cohort study accounting for SARS-CoV-2 exposure levels in the Netherlands","volume":"252","author":"Zorn","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02139-6","article-title":"Individual social contact data and population mobility data as early markers of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics during the first wave in Germany-an analysis based on the COVIMOD study","volume":"19","author":"Tomori","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-022-01437-5","article-title":"Social vulnerability amplifies the disparate impact of mobility on COVID-19 transmissibility across the United States","volume":"9","author":"Huang","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104593","article-title":"Viral respiratory infections in a rapidly changing climate: the need to prepare for the next pandemic","volume":"93","author":"He","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/76491","article-title":"Reality check: the aspirations of the European Health Data Space amidst challenges in decentralized data analysis","volume":"27","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.19191\/EP21.6.112","article-title":"COVID-19 hospitalizations in children in the Autonomous Province of Trento (Northern Italy), year 2020","volume":"45","author":"Valent","journal-title":"Epidemiol Prev"},{"issue":"9","key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.9.2001202","article-title":"Incidence of COVID-19 in patients exposed to chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: results from a population-based prospective cohort in Catalonia, Spain, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Vivanco-Hidalgo","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"5","key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70097","article-title":"Estimated incidence rate of specific types of cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations attributable to respiratory syncytial virus among adults in Germany between 2015 and 2019","volume":"19","author":"Liang","journal-title":"Influenza Resp Viruses"},{"issue":"22","key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.22.2400530","article-title":"Use of cell phone data to correct \u00cele-de-France population estimates and SARS-CoV-2 incidence, July to September, 2021: a proof-of-concept exercise","volume":"30","author":"Tarantola","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.016","article-title":"PM10 exposure is associated with increased hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis among infants in Lombardy, Italy","volume":"166","author":"Carugno","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-002117","article-title":"Health data use, stewardship, and governance: ongoing gaps and challenges: a report from AMIA\u2019s 2012 Health Policy Meeting","volume":"21","author":"Hripcsak","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckl256","article-title":"Benchmarking national surveillance systems: a new tool for the comparison of communicable disease surveillance and control in Europe","volume":"17","author":"Reintjes","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes \u00c1 Soares D . Open government data initiatives in Europe: northern versus southern countries analysis. Presented at: ICEGOV \u201914: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance; Oct 27-30, 2014; Guimaraes, Portugal. [doi: 10.1145\/2691195.2691246]","DOI":"10.1145\/2691195.2691246"},{"issue":"4","key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-021-03887-1","article-title":"Open access in Europe: a national and regional comparison","volume":"126","author":"Maddi","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S314959","article-title":"Nordic health registry-based research: a review of health care systems and key registries","volume":"13","author":"Laugesen","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R69","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"Giulio de Belvis","journal-title":"Health Syst Transit"},{"issue":"3","key":"R70","first-page":"1","volume":"26","author":"Bernal-Delgado","journal-title":"Health Syst Transit"},{"issue":"2","key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/13876988.2021.1878886","article-title":"Coordination and health policy responses to the first wave of COVID-19 in Italy and Spain","volume":"23","author":"Mattei","journal-title":"J Comp Policy Anal Res Pract"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101206","article-title":"The Italian health data system is broken","volume":"48","author":"The Lancet Regional Health-Europe","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"3","key":"R73","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"Or","journal-title":"Health Syst Transit"},{"issue":"6","key":"R74","first-page":"1","volume":"22","author":"Bl\u00fcmel","journal-title":"Health Syst Transit"},{"issue":"2","key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2018.09.072","article-title":"French administrative health care database (SNDS): the value of its enrichment","volume":"74","author":"Scailteux","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"issue":"4","key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2016.02.010","article-title":"L\u2019ouverture du Syst\u00e8me national d\u2019information inter-r\u00e9gimes de l\u2019assurance maladie (SNIIRAM): des opportunit\u00e9s et des difficult\u00e9s. L\u2019exp\u00e9rience des cohortes Gazel et Constances [Article in French]","volume":"64","author":"Goldberg","journal-title":"Revue d\u2019\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et de Sant\u00e9 Publique"},{"issue":"2","key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/09644008.2023.2277778","article-title":"The effects of federalism, corporatism and legislative power on health system transformation in Germany","volume":"34","author":"Schmitt","journal-title":"Ger Polit"},{"issue":"10491","key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01029-3","article-title":"The European health data space","volume":"405","author":"Biedermann","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.02.002","article-title":"ELIXIR: a distributed infrastructure for European biological data","volume":"30","author":"Crosswell","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/74119","article-title":"Advancing real-world evidence through a federated health data network (EHDEN): descriptive study","volume":"27","author":"Blacketer","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"Supplement_3","key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii32","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf033","article-title":"Shaping the future EHDS: recommendations for implementation of Health Data Access Bodies in the HealthData@EU infrastructure for secondary use of electronic health data","volume":"35","author":"Svingel","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2024.02.008","article-title":"Redefining pandemic preparedness: multidisciplinary insights from the CERP modelling workshop in infectious diseases, workshop report","volume":"9","author":"Nunes","journal-title":"Infect Dis Model"},{"issue":"1","key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00238-3","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in pandemic responses: from epidemiological modeling to vaccine development","volume":"6","author":"Gawande","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"key":"R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2025.105386","article-title":"Policy makers must adopt agile signal detection tools to strengthen epidemiological surveillance and improve pandemic preparedness","volume":"159","author":"Mah\u00e9","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21714","article-title":"An overview of real-world data sources for oncology and considerations for research","volume":"72","author":"Penberthy","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"R86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2014.941131","article-title":"Real-world evidence in pain research: a review of data sources","volume":"28","author":"Bellows","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","article-title":"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach","volume":"18","author":"Munn","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e92917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:23:50Z","timestamp":1785536630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e92917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":87,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/92917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"article-number":"v28i9e92917"}}