{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:30:23Z","timestamp":1785537023258,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Internet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital health technologies (DHTs) have the potential to improve care delivery and outcomes for patients with noncommunicable diseases. Yet their implementation in rural settings remains uneven, and the factors influencing uptake are not well understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This mixed methods systematic review aimed to identify barriers and facilitators influencing the implementation and use of DHTs for remote management of noncommunicable diseases in rural areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched Medline, Embase, and CINAHL from inception to February 12, 2026, using terms related to digital health, noncommunicable diseases, and rural settings. Following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for mixed-method systematic review, we synthesized quantitative and qualitative studies. Barriers and facilitators were categorized using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, and study quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From the initial 1491 records, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria, with most conducted in high-income countries (n=11). Key barriers included technical challenges (software instability and hardware issues), poor internet connectivity, financial constraints, and workforce constraints, such as staff shortages and heavy workloads. Key facilitators included user-friendly technology design, strong leadership, effective teamwork, and ongoing communication. Evidence was predominantly qualitative, with only limited quantitative data available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DHTs show promise for improving access and continuity of care for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes in rural settings; however, their impact is constrained by structural inequities, including limited broadband access, workforce shortages, and financial fragility. These findings highlight important implications for research, policy, and practice, including the need for rigorous mixed methods evaluations sensitive to rural contexts, long-term equity-oriented financing mechanisms, and strengthened organizational readiness to support effective DHT uptake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/93875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:57:28Z","timestamp":1785527848000},"page":"e93875-e93875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Digital Health Technologies for Remote Management of NCDs in Rural Areas: Mixed Methods Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7743-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serine","family":"Sahakyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5851-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selai","family":"Akseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2788-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lusine","family":"Abrahamyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9570-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Metcalf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Allin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0943-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Chenhall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8723-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","unstructured":"Noncommunicable diseases. Pan American Health Organization. URL: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/topics\/noncommunicable-diseases [Accessed 13-06-2026]"},{"key":"R2","unstructured":"Noncommunicable diseases. World Health Organization. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/noncommunicable-diseases [Accessed 13-01-2026]"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassa M Grace J . The global burden and perspectives on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the prevention, data availability and systems approach of ncds in low-resource countries. In: Anugworm EE Awofeso N , editors. Public Health in Developing Countries - Challenges and Opportunities. IntechOpen; 2020. URL: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.89516 [Accessed 21-07-2026] [doi: 10.5772\/intechopen.89516]","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.89516"},{"issue":"8","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00123-8","article-title":"The burden and trend of diseases and their risk factors in Australia, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"8","author":"GBD 2019 Australia Collaborators","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"R5","unstructured":"Health status and outcomes avoidable and preventable deaths. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. URL: https:\/\/www.indigenoushpf.gov.au\/measures\/1-24-avoidable-preventable-deaths [Accessed 02-03-2024]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043298","article-title":"Understanding unmet care needs of rural older adults with chronic health conditions: a qualitative study","volume":"20","author":"Asante","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.25318\/82-003-x201900500001-eng","article-title":"Does geography matter in mortality? An analysis of potentially avoidable mortality by remoteness index in Canada","volume":"30","author":"Subedi","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"The health and economic benefits of tackling non-communicable diseases. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2020. URL: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/the-health-and-economic-benefits-of-tackling-non-communicable-diseases_e20cbbc3-en.html [Accessed 04-07-2026]"},{"issue":"6","key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008670","article-title":"The case for investing in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council: an economic evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Elmusharaf","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"R10","unstructured":"What is digital health? US Food and Drug Administration. URL: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/digital-health-center-excellence\/what-digital-health [Accessed 04-07-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00764-4","article-title":"Digital health interventions for non-communicable disease management in primary health care in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"6","author":"Xiong","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-11-21-6229","article-title":"Telehealth for Australian general practice: the present and the future","volume":"51","author":"Fisher","journal-title":"Aust J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016009","article-title":"Web-based self-management support for people with type 2 diabetes (HeLP-Diabetes): randomised controlled trial in English primary care","volume":"7","author":"Murray","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09265-2","article-title":"Telehealth in remote Australia: a supplementary tool or an alternative model of care replacing face-to-face consultations?","volume":"23","author":"Mathew","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827619892547","article-title":"Utilizing digital health technologies for patient education in lifestyle medicine","volume":"14","author":"Kuwabara","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.008","article-title":"Bridging the health care gap in rural populations: challenges, innovations, and solutions","volume":"138","author":"Javed","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-026-00892-4","article-title":"Navigating the complexities of digital health technology implementation: a scoping review of barriers and facilitators","volume":"7","author":"Wittich","journal-title":"Implement Sci Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-024-06687-x","article-title":"The digital divide in rural and regional communities: a survey on the use of digital health technology and implications for supporting technology use","volume":"17","author":"Jongebloed","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2025.101732","article-title":"Implementation strategies for evidence-based healthcare interventions in rural and remote settings: a scoping review","volume":"66","author":"Chapman","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"1","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00899-4","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to utilizing digital health technologies by healthcare professionals","volume":"6","author":"Borges do Nascimento","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2023.1230015","article-title":"Understanding acceptability of digital health technologies among francophone-speaking communities across the world: a meta-ethnographic study","volume":"8","author":"Gauthier-Beaupr\u00e9","journal-title":"Front Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-078508","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers of digital health technologies implementation in hospital settings in lower-income and middle-income countries since the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review protocol","volume":"14","author":"Yew","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00557-1","article-title":"Deploying digital health tools within large, complex health systems: key considerations for adoption and implementation","volume":"5","author":"Marwaha","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"R24","first-page":"572","volume":"42","author":"Reisman","journal-title":"P T"},{"issue":"6","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26694","article-title":"Why are digital health care systems still poorly designed, and why Is health care practice not asking for more? three paths toward a sustainable digital work environment","volume":"23","author":"Persson","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07584-4","article-title":"Towards digital health equity - a qualitative study of the challenges experienced by vulnerable groups in using digital health services in the COVID-19 era","volume":"22","author":"Kaihlanen","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooaf019","article-title":"Barriers to telehealth uptake and use: a scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Kemp","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.1014375","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators for the sustainability of digital health interventions in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Kabor\u00e9","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12884","article-title":"Improving the usefulness of a tool for appraising the quality of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies, the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT)","volume":"24","author":"Hong","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"R31","unstructured":"Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). URL: https:\/\/cfirguide.org [Accessed 04-07-2026]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50","article-title":"Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science","volume":"4","author":"Damschroder","journal-title":"Implementation Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-D-19-00169","article-title":"Methodological guidance for the conduct of mixed methods systematic reviews","volume":"18","author":"Stern","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2015.1061613","article-title":"Expanding stroke telerehabilitation services to rural veterans: a qualitative study on patient experiences using the robotic stroke therapy delivery and monitoring system program","volume":"12","author":"Cherry","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.774907","article-title":"The implementation of a primary care-based integrated mobile health intervention for stroke management in rural China: mixed-methods process evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Gong","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S361032","article-title":"Exploring feasibility of mHealth to manage hypertension in rural black older adults: a convergent parallel mixed method study","volume":"16","author":"Greer","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adher"},{"issue":"5","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296816660326","article-title":"Diabetes educators: perceived experiences, supports and barriers to use of common diabetes-related technologies","volume":"10","author":"James","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0480-4","article-title":"Mobile phone applications and their use in the self-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a qualitative study among app users and non-app users","volume":"11","author":"Jeffrey","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"7","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-023-03628-1","article-title":"Use of cellular-enabled remote patient monitoring device for hypertension management in pregnant women: a feasibility study","volume":"27","author":"D Jones","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1089\/tmr.2022.0038","article-title":"Diabetes remote monitoring program implementation: a mixed methods analysis of delivery strategies, barriers and facilitators","volume":"4","author":"Kirkland","journal-title":"Telemed Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-07281-8","article-title":"Implementation of an intensive telehealth intervention for rural patients with clinic-refractory diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Kobe","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/37534","article-title":"Community health worker-led mHealth-enabled diabetes eelf-management education and support intervention in rural latino adults: single-arm feasibility trial","volume":"7","author":"Li","journal-title":"JMIR Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/jac5.1493","article-title":"Feasibility of a CMM telepharmacy service for patients with diabetes in rural and underserved communities: preliminary results","volume":"4","author":"Livet","journal-title":"J Am Coll Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"9","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12793","article-title":"Is telemedicine helping or hindering the delivery of stroke thrombolysis in rural areas? A qualitative analysis","volume":"45","author":"Moloczij","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.003904","article-title":"Design and initial results of the Minneapolis Heart Institute TeleHeart Program","volume":"10","author":"Newell","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"9","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2015.0180","article-title":"Exploring the challenges and opportunities of health mobile apps for individuals with type 2 diabetes living in rural communities","volume":"22","author":"Peng","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2014.12.005","article-title":"Usability and feasibility of a tablet-based Decision-Support and Integrated Record-keeping (DESIRE) tool in the nurse management of hypertension in rural western Kenya","volume":"84","author":"Vedanthan","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251326233","article-title":"Addressing health service equity through telehealth: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"11","author":"Wang","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"R49","unstructured":"Restoring purpose in health care work through technology and workforce innovation. Deloitte Center for Health Solutions. 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.deloitte.com\/us\/en\/insights\/industry\/health-care\/technology-making-health-care-work-more-meaningful.html [Accessed 05-12-2025]"},{"issue":"1","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-024-01339-x","article-title":"Exploring the role of professional identity in the implementation of clinical decision support systems-a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Ackerhans","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075833","article-title":"Implementation barriers and facilitators of remote monitoring, remote consultation and digital care platforms through the eyes of healthcare professionals: a review of reviews","volume":"14","author":"Oudbier","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R52","unstructured":"Global strategy on digital health 2020-2025. World Health Organization; 2021. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/gs4dhdaa2a9f352b0445bafbc79ca799dce4d.pdf [Accessed 21-07-2026]"},{"issue":"8","key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016242","article-title":"Telehealth and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and narrative analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kruse","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02436-z","article-title":"The development of evaluation scale of the patient satisfaction with telemedicine: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Du","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"3","key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason HT O\u2019Connor S Wong D Stanmore E . Development and exploratory analysis of a multi-dimensional metric of adherence for digital health interventions. medRxiv. Preprint posted online on Feb 24, 2024. [doi: 10.1101\/2024.02.23.24303246]","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.23.24303246"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:57:30Z","timestamp":1785527850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2026\/1\/e93875"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/93875","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-8871"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-8871","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"article-number":"v28i8e93875"}}