{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:39:47Z","timestamp":1792622387809,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Socially assistive robotics (SAR) is an emerging field integrating robotics, medicine, cognitive and social sciences, and neuroscience. Its potential in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains largely unexplored, although MS affects sensory-motor, cognitive, and psychological domains where SAR could offer substantial benefits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to evaluate the usability of a humanoid robot in people with MS, compare it with age-matched healthy individuals (HIs), and explore usability predictors. Automated written-language analysis was tested as a complementary approach.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In this 2025 cross-sectional study at the Italian MS Foundation laboratory, 20 people with MS (mean age 51.4, SD 11.0 years; n=13, 65% female; mean education 13.0, SD 3.4 years) and 20 age-matched HIs (mean age 47.3, SD 10.1 years; n=12, 60% female; mean education 14.8, SD 2.2 years) completed 4 predefined tasks with the robot Pepper. Usability was assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Attitudes toward robots, robot-related factors, and task-related effort were measured with the General Attitudes Towards Robots Scale (GAToRS), Godspeed questionnaire, and NASA-TLX, respectively. Psychological variables (eg, personality traits from the Italian Ten-Item Personality Inventory [I-TIPI]) and clinical characteristics for people with MS (eg, cognitive functions via the app DIGICOG-MS, upper-limb difficulties with the Arm Function in Multiple Sclerosis [AMSQ]) were collected. Written responses to open-ended questions were analyzed using natural language processing (NLP).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n SUS scores exceeded the standard cut-off in both groups, with no between-group differences (people with MS: mean 81.00, SD 12.31; HIs: mean 77.75, SD 11.24;\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =0.14, 95% CI 0.01-0.42;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.39), indicating high usability. People with MS reported more negative attitudes toward robots at the societal level (GAToRS S\u2013:\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =0.36, 95% CI 0.08-0.63;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.02) and judged Pepper as more anthropomorphic (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =0.42, 95% CI 0.15-0.67;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.007) and intelligent (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =0.37, 95% CI 0.09-0.61;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.02) than HIs. Anthropomorphism was strongly associated with visuospatial memory (DIGICOG-MS: \u03c1=\u20130.632, 95% CI \u20130.84 to \u20130.26;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.003) and relatively strong with both verbal memory (DIGICOG-MS: \u03c1=\u20130.504, 95% CI \u20130.77 to \u20130.08];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.02) and agreeableness (I-TIPI: \u03c1=0.491, 95% CI 0.06-0.77;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.03). Exploratory forward stepwise regression showed that conscientiousness (I-TIPI:\n B<\/jats:italic>\n =2.064, 95% CI 0.679-3.449), negative personal attitudes toward robots (GAToRS P\u2013:\n B<\/jats:italic>\n =0.169, 95% CI 0.033-0.306), and perceived upper-limb difficulties (AMSQ:\n B<\/jats:italic>\n =0.169, 95% CI 0.033-0.306) explained 64% of SUS variance (adjusted\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2=0.568); task-related frustration (NASA-TLX:\n B<\/jats:italic>\n =\u20131.497, 95% CI \u20132.276 to \u20130.719) explained 48% (adjusted\n R<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b2=0.451). NLP analyses revealed no between-group differences in lexical productivity or sentiment-lexicon coverage.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This study provides first preliminary evidence that people with MS perceive a social robot as highly usable, comparably to HIs, suggesting MS-related challenges may not hinder human-robot interaction. Psychological factors, prior attitudes toward robots, and clinical characteristics were associated with user experience in the MS group. Future research should explore whether integrating these measures with language-based approaches informs tailored interventions in MS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/94068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:10:05Z","timestamp":1792087805000},"page":"e94068-e94068","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Usability and Acceptance of a Social Robot in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9327-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Podda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4303-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Bollini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2905-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Susini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2204-4090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Presenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-2959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keven T","family":"Kearney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2498-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Cecchella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5114-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Grange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8106-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Alberto","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2263-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Tacchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2026-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Brichetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2010.940150","article-title":"Socially assistive robotics","volume":"18","author":"Feil-Seifer","journal-title":"IEEE Robot Automat Mag"},{"issue":"15","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155052","article-title":"User experience in social robots","volume":"21","author":"Shourmasti","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3568162.3578625","article-title":"A robotic companion for psychological well-being: a long-term investigation of companionship and therapeutic alliance","volume":"2023","author":"Jeong","journal-title":"ACM IEEE Int Conf Hum Robot Interact"},{"issue":"21","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954","article-title":"Social robots for education: a review","volume":"3","author":"Belpaeme","journal-title":"Sci Robot"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chevalier P Isableu B Martin JC Tapus A . 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