{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:58:22Z","timestamp":1790801902280,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Aging"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Immersive virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used for embodied training, but its practical value for older adults depends on whether the experiential benefits can be achieved without unacceptable discomfort or overstated claims about motor learning.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This randomized study compared head-mounted immersive VR with standardized, content-matched 2D video instruction for Tai Chi movement-encoding in community-dwelling older adults.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 106 older adults were randomized to immersive VR (n=56) or video instruction (n=50). The primary analysis included 92 participants with complete age, pretest, and posttest data (VR: n=45; Video: n=47). The primary outcome was a 5-item movement-encoding knowledge score (range 0\u201020), analyzed using analysis of covariance, with posttest score as the dependent variable and group, pretest score, and age as predictors. Secondary outcomes were intrinsic motivation, game experience, and learning engagement; safety, tolerability, and feasibility were assessed using the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, Game Experience Questionnaire, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale\u2013Short Form, participant flow, and Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire. VR system telemetry was analyzed descriptively as an exploratory process outcome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Adjusted posttest movement-encoding performance did not differ between VR and video instruction (adjusted difference \u22120.27, 95% CI \u22122.25 to 1.72;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.79; partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n =0.001). The Game Experience Questionnaire results favored VR for competence (Video: mean 3.36, SD 1.21; VR: mean 4.15, SD 0.92;\n q<\/jats:italic>\n =0.009), flow (Video: mean 3.77, SD 1.26; VR: mean 4.46, SD 0.76;\n q<\/jats:italic>\n =0.014), and lower tension (Video: mean 1.76, SD 1.04; VR: mean 1.27, SD 0.63;\n q<\/jats:italic>\n =0.037), whereas challenge did not remain significant after false discovery rate correction (\n q<\/jats:italic>\n =0.073). In the VR Group, recognition accuracy was associated with posttest movement-encoding score (n=44;\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =0.317,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.04), but pose accuracy was not (n=44;\n r<\/jats:italic>\n =0.129,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.41). The Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire scores were low among valid VR participants (total score mean 3.77, SD 11.12), and 36 out of 46 (78%) participants reported zero symptoms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n With a strong active control, immersive VR did not produce higher short-term Tai Chi movement-encoding performance than video instruction. Among participants who completed the VR session, the immediate game-experience profile was more favorable. These findings indicate that VR may offer experiential benefits, while also highlighting the need to manage cybersickness and technical exclusions and to distinguish movement knowledge from actual motor execution.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/96867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T22:05:05Z","timestamp":1786745105000},"page":"e96867-e96867","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge Performance, User Experience, and Cybersickness With Immersive Virtual Reality for Tai Chi Movement-Encoding in Older Adults: Randomized Comparison Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9101-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"XiaCheng","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9977-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6338-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaqing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2066-6233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huafeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0132-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6985-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junfeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4641-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenwen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9297-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huirong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111123","article-title":"Innovations in geroscience to enhance mobility in older adults","volume":"142","author":"Anton","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"10033","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00516-4","article-title":"The world report on ageing and health: a policy framework for healthy ageing","volume":"387","author":"Beard","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04209.x","article-title":"Gait and cognition: a complementary approach to understanding brain function and the risk of falling","volume":"60","author":"Montero-Odasso","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.2.187","article-title":"Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Li","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.05.005","article-title":"What do we really know about the safety of Tai Chi?: a systematic review of adverse event reports in randomized trials","volume":"95","author":"Wayne","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12611","article-title":"Effect of Tai Chi on cognitive performance in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Wayne","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2021.107508","article-title":"Encoding and consolidation of motor sequence learning in young and older adults","volume":"185","author":"Fitzroy","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"issue":"2","key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170043","article-title":"Motor Learning","volume":"9","author":"Krakauer","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"Shumway-Cook A Woollacott MH . 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