{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:03:15Z","timestamp":1789509795499,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Dermatol"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Chlamydia remains highly prevalent, and the prevalence of gonorrhea is increasing. Declining testing rates alongside rising positivity in Denmark highlights the need for accessible testing solutions. Self-test technologies (STTs) may reduce stigma and improve testing uptake.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to examine the effects of implementing an STT on activity-related outcomes, including test volume, testing frequency, and positivity rates for sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia and gonorrhea) at a sexual health clinic.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective before-and-after study evaluated the implementation of an STT located in a sexual health clinic at a university hospital over the period of 2022 to 2025. The evaluation consisted of 3 phases: preimplementation phase (phase 0), self-test with booking (phase 1), and drop-in self-test (phase 2). Outcomes included testing volume, frequency, positivity rates, staff resource use, and costs, assessed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The monthly tests increased from a mean of 163 (SD 51) before implementation to 246 (SD 42) and 283 (SD 78) in phases 1 and 2, respectively. The proportion of patients tested multiple times increased significantly (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.001). Positivity rates declined from 15.7% (180\/1144) to approximately between 12% (652\/5417) and 12.6% (464\/3689;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n =.003). Weekly staff time decreased from 102 to 63.75 hours, and annual personnel costs declined by 37%. Despite increased testing volume, the cost per test decreased from DKK 1179 (US $185) to DKK 501 (US $79).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Implementation of an STT increased testing activity and efficiency while reducing costs and staff resource use, suggesting that self-testing is a scalable and resource-efficient strategy for sexually transmitted infection diagnostics in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/99694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:12:39Z","timestamp":1789506759000},"page":"e99694-e99694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of a Self-Test Technology for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing: Observational Before-and-After Study"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3851-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Trettin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0543-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida Wagner","family":"Josefsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8198-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja Trier","family":"Munk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7210-8884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tine","family":"Vestergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6640-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tue","family":"Kj\u00f8lhede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3528-4619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette Maria","family":"Skj\u00f8th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2376-y","article-title":"The Netherlands Chlamydia Cohort Study (NECCST) protocol to assess the risk of late complications following Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women","volume":"17","author":"Hoenderboom","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30092-5","article-title":"Risk of reproductive complications following chlamydia testing: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Denmark","volume":"16","author":"Davies","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06381-4","article-title":"Gonorrhoea: a systematic review of prevalence reporting globally","volume":"21","author":"Whelan","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4","unstructured":"Uge 38 - 2019 [Website in Danish]. 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URL: https:\/\/www.sundhed.dk\/ [Accessed 01-09-2026]"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Hvad skal IKKE anmeldes? [Website in Danish]. VMK og NVK. 2024. URL: https:\/\/www.videnskabsetik.dk\/ansoegning-til-etisk-komite\/overblik-over-anmeldelsespligten\/hvad-skal-ikke-anmeldes [Accessed 27-08-2026]"},{"key":"R14","unstructured":"Self-testing implementation toolkit for HIV, hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections. World Health Organization; 2025. 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