{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:48:17Z","timestamp":1775094497279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"JMIR Publications Inc.","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JMIR Med Inform"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec sec-type=\"background\">\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown exponential growth and advancements, revolutionizing various fields, including health care. However, domain adaptation remains a significant challenge, as machine learning (ML) models often need to be applied across different health care settings with varying patient demographics and practices. This issue is critical for ensuring effective and equitable AI deployment. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading cause of global mortality with 17.9 million annual deaths, encompass conditions like coronary heart disease and hypertension. The increasing availability of medical data, coupled with AI advancements, offers new opportunities for early detection and intervention in cardiovascular events, leveraging AI\u2019s capacity to analyze complex datasets and uncover critical patterns.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec sec-type=\"objective\">\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This review aims to examine AI methodologies combined with medical data to advance the intelligent monitoring and detection of CVDs, identifying areas for further research to enhance patient outcomes and support early interventions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This review follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology to ensure a rigorous and transparent literature review process. This structured approach facilitated a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in this field.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Through the methodology used, 64 documents were retrieved, of which 40 documents met the inclusion criteria. The reviewed papers demonstrate advancements in AI and ML for CVD detection, classification, prediction, diagnosis, and patient monitoring. Techniques such as ensemble learning, deep neural networks, and feature selection improve prediction accuracy over traditional methods. ML models predict cardiovascular events and risks, with applications in monitoring via wearable technology. The integration of AI in health care supports early detection, personalized treatment, and risk assessment, possibly improving the management of CVDs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study concludes that AI and ML techniques can improve the accuracy of CVD classification, prediction, diagnosis, and monitoring. The integration of multiple data sources and noninvasive methods supports continuous monitoring and early detection. These advancements help enhance CVD management and patient outcomes, indicating the potential for AI to offer more precise and cost-effective solutions in health care.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2196\/64349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T16:28:59Z","timestamp":1741278539000},"page":"e64349-e64349","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Role of AI in Cardiovascular Event Monitoring and Early Detection: Scoping Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.2196","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7489-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis B","family":"Elvas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5044-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6662-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao C","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1010","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012788","article-title":"Artificial intelligence: practical primer for clinical research in cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Kagiyama","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202922666210705124359","article-title":"Machine learning in healthcare","volume":"22","author":"Habehh","journal-title":"Curr Genomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-024-10075-w","article-title":"An extensive review of machine learning and deep learning techniques on heart disease classification and prediction","volume":"31","author":"Rani","journal-title":"Arch Computat Methods Eng"},{"issue":"9","key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13091421","article-title":"AI-driven decision support for early detection of cardiac events: unveiling patterns and predicting myocardial ischemia","volume":"13","author":"Elvas","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020144","article-title":"Machine learning-based predictive models for detection of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"14","author":"Ogunpola","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01065-y","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular diseases: diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Sun","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"R7","unstructured":"Cardiovascular diseases. WHO. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/cardiovascular-diseases [Accessed 28-06-2024]"},{"key":"R8","unstructured":"Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). WHO. URL: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) [Accessed 24-06-2024]"},{"key":"R9","unstructured":"Cardiovascular disease burden. Pan American Health Organization. URL: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/enlace\/cardiovascular-disease-burden [Accessed 24-06-2024]"},{"issue":"4","key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12040481","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in improving patient outcomes and future of healthcare delivery in cardiology: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Gala","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"R11","unstructured":"PRISMA statement. URL: https:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org [Accessed 20-06-2024]"},{"key":"R12","unstructured":"Scopus Preview. URL: https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/search\/form.uri?display=basic&zone=header&origin=#basic [Accessed 20-06-2024]"},{"key":"R13","unstructured":"Web of Science. URL: https:\/\/www.webofscience.com\/wos\/woscc\/basic-search [Accessed 20-06-2024]"},{"issue":"3","key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-021-00133-6","article-title":"A decision support system for heart disease prediction based upon machine learning","volume":"7","author":"Rani","journal-title":"J Reliable Intell Environ"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2023.100242","article-title":"A novel machine learning model with Stacking Ensemble Learner for predicting emergency readmission of heart-disease patients","volume":"7","author":"Ghasemieh","journal-title":"Decis Anal J"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106190","article-title":"A review of risk prediction models in cardiovascular disease: conventional approach vs. artificial intelligent approach","volume":"207","author":"Faizal","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"5","key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v20i05.45547","article-title":"Advancing non-cuff hypertension detection: leveraging 1D convolutional neural network and time domain physiological signals","volume":"20","author":"Nuryani","journal-title":"Int J Onl Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2023.041031","article-title":"An efficient stacked ensemble model for heart disease detection and classification","volume":"77","author":"Abbas","journal-title":"Comput Mater Contin"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.02.010","article-title":"Association between work-related features and coronary artery disease: a heterogeneous hybrid feature selection integrated with balancing approach","volume":"133","author":"Nasarian","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124310","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease diagnosis from DXA scan and retinal images using deep learning","volume":"22","author":"Al-Absi","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.13064","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease prediction using recursive feature elimination and gradient boosting classification techniques","volume":"39","author":"Theerthagiri","journal-title":"Expert Syst"},{"issue":"138","key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0821","article-title":"Computational techniques for ECG analysis and interpretation in light of their contribution to medical advances","volume":"15","author":"Lyon","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"issue":"10","key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/info14100542","article-title":"Cost-sensitive models to predict risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Groccia","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apples.2022.100097","article-title":"Current state-of-the-art and utilities of machine learning for detection, monitoring, growth prediction, rupture risk assessment, and post-surgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"10","author":"Baek","journal-title":"Appl Eng Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.22452\/mjcs.vol34no3.1","article-title":"Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome using machine learning, statistical and risk quantification techniques: a systematic literature review","volume":"34","author":"Kakudi","journal-title":"Malays J Comput Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.itc.51.1.30083","article-title":"Dual-layer deep ensemble techniques for classifying heart disease","volume":"51","author":"Prakash","journal-title":"Inf Technol Control"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eetiot.5389","article-title":"Early detection of cardiovascular disease with different machine learning approaches","volume":"10","author":"Singh","journal-title":"EAI Endorsed Trans IoT"},{"issue":"3","key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1007\/s41870-023-01445-x","article-title":"Heart disease classification through crow intelligence optimization-based deep learning approach","volume":"16","author":"Dubey","journal-title":"Int J Inf Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-024-04776-0","article-title":"Heptagonal Reinforcement Learning (HRL): a novel algorithm for early prevention of non-sinus cardiac arrhythmia","volume":"15","author":"Daliri","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Human Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-023-10151-6","article-title":"Improving coronary heart disease prediction through machine learning and an innovative data augmentation technique","volume":"15","author":"Al-Ssulami","journal-title":"Cogn Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-023-02529-y","article-title":"Machine learning for prediction of cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease: a review","volume":"5","author":"Parashar","journal-title":"SN Comput Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ad1459","article-title":"MLP-RL-CRD: diagnosis of cardiovascular risk in athletes using a reinforcement learning-based multilayer perceptron","volume":"44","author":"Bostani","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"3","key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.14445\/23488379\/IJEEE-V10I3P103","article-title":"Optimized machine learning for CHD detection using 3D CNN-based segmentation, transfer learning and adagrad optimization","volume":"10","author":"Selvaraj","journal-title":"SSRG Int J Electr Electron Eng"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106222","article-title":"Prediction and risk analysis of cardio vascular diseases in IoHT by enhanced CHIO-based residual and dilated gated network with attention mechanism","volume":"94","author":"Gunasekaran","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2023.102525","article-title":"Prediction of acute hypertensive episodes in critically ill patients","volume":"139","author":"Itzhak","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswa.2022.200121","article-title":"Predictive analysis of cardiovascular disease using gradient boosting based learning and recursive feature elimination technique","volume":"16","author":"Theerthagiri","journal-title":"Intell Syst Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-023-00747-1","article-title":"Real time health care big data analytics model for improved QoS in cardiac disease prediction with IoT devices","volume":"13","author":"Safa","journal-title":"Health Technol"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2023.3307794","article-title":"Self-supervised learning-based general laboratory progress pretrained model for cardiovascular event detection","volume":"12","author":"Chen","journal-title":"IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2478\/msr-2021-0008","article-title":"Usability of wireless ECG body sensor for cardiac function monitoring during field testing","volume":"21","author":"\u0160iraiy","journal-title":"Meas Sci Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2022.3149785","article-title":"Wearable photoplethysmography for cardiovascular monitoring","volume":"110","author":"Charlton","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Inst Electr Electron Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v13i2.pp1891-1902","article-title":"A comprehensive study of machine learning for predicting cardiovascular disease using Weka and Statistical Package for Social Sciences tools","volume":"13","author":"Abuhaija","journal-title":"Int J Electr Comput Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.35882\/jeeemi.v6i2.359","article-title":"Predicting the need for cardiovascular surgery: a comparative study of machine learning models","volume":"6","author":"Ghavidel","journal-title":"J Electron Electromed Eng Med Inform"},{"issue":"22","key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11536","DOI":"10.3390\/app122211536","article-title":"Supervised learning algorithm for predicting mortality risk in older adults using cardiovascular health study dataset","volume":"12","author":"Navarrete","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.22266\/ijies2021.0430.13","article-title":"A big data analysis using fuzzy deep convolution network based model for heart disease classification","volume":"14","author":"Manur","journal-title":"Int J Intell Eng Syst"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104043","article-title":"Artificial intelligence framework for predictive cardiovascular and stroke risk assessment models: A narrative review of integrated approaches using carotid ultrasound","volume":"126","author":"Jamthikar","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228903","article-title":"Wearable devices for remote monitoring of heart rate and heart rate variability-what we know and what is coming","volume":"22","author":"Alugubelli","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvdhj.2020.11.004","article-title":"2021 ISHNE\/HRS\/EHRA\/APHRS collaborative statement on mHealth in arrhythmia management: digital medical tools for heart rhythm professionals: from the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology\/Heart Rhythm Society\/European Heart Rhythm Association\/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society","volume":"2","author":"Varma","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Digital Health J"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3312537","article-title":"Feature selection using selective opposition based artificial rabbits optimization for arrhythmia classification on internet of medical things environment","volume":"11","author":"Nijaguna","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-021-02362-6","article-title":"Learning and non-learning algorithms for cuffless blood pressure measurement: a review","volume":"59","author":"Agham","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"21","key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21216986","article-title":"Mobile 5P-medicine approach for cardiovascular patients","volume":"21","author":"Pires","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2022.3142058","article-title":"Hemodynamic modeling, medical imaging, and machine learning and their applications to cardiovascular interventions","volume":"16","author":"Kadem","journal-title":"IEEE Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-021-00152-3","article-title":"Innovative feature selection and classification model for heart disease prediction","volume":"8","author":"Nagarajan","journal-title":"J Reliable Intell Environ"}],"container-title":["JMIR Medical Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T16:29:02Z","timestamp":1741278542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medinform.jmir.org\/2025\/1\/e64349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/64349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2291-9694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2291-9694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"article-number":"v13i17e64349"}}