{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:01:25Z","timestamp":1791313285539,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dose-Response"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of hospital- and community-associated infections. The formation of adherent clusters of cells known as biofilms is an important virulence factor in MRSA pathogenesis. Previous studies showed that subminimal inhibitory (sub-MIC) concentrations of methicillin induce biofilm formation in the community-associated MRSA strain LAC. In this study we measured the ability sub-MIC concentrations of eight other \u03b2-lactam antibiotics and six non-\u03b2-lactam antibiotics to induce LAC biofilm. All eight \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, but none of the non-\u03b2-lactam antibiotics, induced LAC biofilm. The dose-response effects of the eight \u03b2-lactam antibiotics on LAC biofilm varied from biphasic and bimodal to near-linear. We also found that sub-MIC methicillin induced biofilm in 33 out of 39 additional MRSA clinical isolates, which also exhibited biphasic, bimodal and linear dose-response curves. The amount of biofilm formation induced by sub-MIC methicillin was inversely proportional to the susceptibility of each strain to methicillin. Our results demonstrate that induction of biofilm by sub-MIC antibiotics is a common phenotype among MRSA clinical strains and is specific for \u03b2-lactam antibiotics. These findings may have relevance to the use of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in clinical and agricultural settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.13-021.kaplan","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T21:15:19Z","timestamp":1374786919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Induction of MRSA Biofilm by Low-Dose \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics: Specificity, Prevalence and Dose-Response Effects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mandy","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel B.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary T.","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian O.","family":"Piotrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary L.","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsoon D.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Keiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, American University, Washington DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]},"container-title":["Dose-Response"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2203\/dose-response.13-021.Kaplan","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.2203\/dose-response.13-021.Kaplan","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2203\/dose-response.13-021.Kaplan","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:00:57Z","timestamp":1777399257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.2203\/dose-response.13-021.Kaplan"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2203\/dose-response.13-021.Kaplan"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2203\/dose-response.13-021.kaplan","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718325204.793526624","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1559-3258","1559-3258"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-3258","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-3258","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]},"article-number":"dose-response.13-021.Kaplan"}}