{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:34:42Z","timestamp":1791689682687,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The cardiorenal syndrome refers to a group of complex, bidirectional pathophysiological pathways involving dysfunction in both the heart and kidney. Upward of 60% of patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure have CKD, as defined by an eGFR of &lt;60 ml\/min per 1.73 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . CKD, in turn, is one of the strongest risk factors for mortality and cardiovascular events in acute decompensated heart failure. Although not well understood, the mechanisms in the cardiorenal syndrome include venous congestion, arterial underfilling, neurohormonal activation, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Arterial underfilling may lead to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, leading to sodium reabsorption and vasoconstriction. Venous congestion likely also mediates and perpetuates these maladaptive pathways. To rule out intrinsic kidney disease that is distinct from the cardiorenal syndrome, one should obtain a careful history, review longitudinal eGFR trends, assess albuminuria and proteinuria, and review the urine sediment and kidney imaging. The hallmark of the cardiorenal syndrome is intense sodium avidity and diuretic resistance, often requiring a combination of diuretics with varying pharmacological targets, and monitoring of urinary response to guide escalations in therapy. Invasive means of decongestion may be required including ultrafiltration or KRT such as peritoneal dialysis, which is often better tolerated from a hemodynamic perspective than intermittent hemodialysis. Strategies for increasing forward perfusion in states of low cardiac output and cardiogenic shock may include afterload reduction and inotropes and, in the most severe cases, mechanical circulatory support devices, many of which have kidney-specific considerations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000000000000064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T09:00:48Z","timestamp":1674205248000},"page":"933-945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Cardiorenal Syndrome in the Hospital"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wendy","family":"McCallum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Sarnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10159","key":"B1-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"6","key":"B2-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2007.03.011","article-title":"High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118, 465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database","volume":"13","author":"Heywood","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Card Fail."},{"issue":"5","key":"B3-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.5.572","article-title":"Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis","volume":"293","author":"Fonarow","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"1","key":"B4-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.07.031","article-title":"Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure","volume":"43","author":"Forman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"B5-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.03.009","article-title":"Acute kidney function declines in the context of decongestion in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"8","author":"McCallum","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"issue":"5","key":"B6-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004644","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004644","article-title":"Prognostic significance of creatinine increases during an acute heart failure admission in patients with and without residual congestion: a post hoc analysis of the PROTECT data","volume":"11","author":"Metra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"issue":"16","key":"B7-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000525","article-title":"Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"136","author":"van Diepen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"1","key":"B8-20250823","first-page":"E91","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in cardiogenic shock: a comprehensive review","volume":"98","author":"Sheikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv."},{"issue":"5","key":"B9-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001918","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.001918","article-title":"Volume overload and adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease: clinical observational and animal studies","volume":"4","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"19","key":"B10-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.02.058","article-title":"Reduced cardiac index is not the dominant driver of renal dysfunction in heart failure","volume":"67","author":"Hanberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"B11-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.068","article-title":"Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure","volume":"53","author":"Mullens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B12-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.10.020","article-title":"Effect of right ventricular function and venous congestion on cardiorenal interactions during the treatment of decompensated heart failure","volume":"105","author":"Testani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"B13-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft036","article-title":"Fluid loss, venous congestion, and worsening renal function in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"15","author":"Aronson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail."},{"issue":"13","key":"B14-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.08.072","article-title":"Cardiorenal interactions: insights from the ESCAPE trial","volume":"51","author":"Nohria","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B15-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-010-0009-5","article-title":"Venous congestion and endothelial cell activation in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Ganda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"B16-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16808","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35162-4","article-title":"Pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms involved in renal congestion in a novel rat model","volume":"8","author":"Shimada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"B17-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.11.015","article-title":"Kidney vascular congestion exacerbates acute kidney injury in mice","volume":"101","author":"Kitani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"B18-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.09.043","article-title":"Elevated intra-abdominal pressure in acute decompensated heart failure: a potential contributor to worsening renal function?","volume":"51","author":"Mullens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"B19-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2005","article-title":"Adenosine and kidney function","volume":"86","author":"Vallon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"B20-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-007-9016-3","article-title":"Natriuretic peptides and therapeutic applications","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev."},{"issue":"suppl l","key":"B21-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000297160.48694.90","article-title":"Cytokines and acute heart failure","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"B22-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000452283","article-title":"The central role of endothelial dysfunction in cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"B23-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.02.002","article-title":"Determinants of diuretic responsiveness and associated outcomes during acute heart failure hospitalization: an analysis from the NHLBI Heart Failure Network Clinical Trials","volume":"24","author":"Kiernan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Card Fail."},{"issue":"2","key":"B24-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000895","article-title":"Loop diuretic efficiency: a metric of diuretic responsiveness with prognostic importance in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Testani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"issue":"3","key":"B25-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/AC.70.3.3080630","article-title":"Determinants and impact of the natriuretic response to diuretic therapy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and volume overload","volume":"70","author":"H Verbrugge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"B26-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9236(95)90222-8","article-title":"Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of torsemide and furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"57","author":"Vargo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"B28-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1271335","article-title":"Loop diuretic infusion increases thiazide-sensitive Na(+)\/Cl(-)-cotransporter abundance: role of aldosterone","volume":"12","author":"Abdallah","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"11","key":"B29-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.278457","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome: the emerging role of protein-bound uremic toxins","volume":"111","author":"Lekawanvijit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"B30-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008385","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008385","article-title":"FGF-23 (fibroblast growth factor-23) and cardiorenal interactions","volume":"14","author":"Ivey-Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"issue":"5","key":"B31-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.12.013","article-title":"Empagliflozin restores chronic kidney disease-induced impairment of endothelial regulation of cardiomyocyte relaxation and contraction","volume":"99","author":"Juni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"B32-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.07.067","article-title":"Relation of low hemoglobin and anemia to morbidity and mortality in patients hospitalized with heart failure (insight from the OPTIMIZE-HF registry)","volume":"101","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"B33-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.11.055","article-title":"Anemia as a risk factor for kidney function decline in individuals with heart failure","volume":"99","author":"Bansal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B34-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-011-9232-8","article-title":"Mineral metabolism abnormalities and vitamin D receptor activation in cardiorenal syndromes","volume":"17","author":"Ronco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev."},{"issue":"13","key":"B35-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.13.1625","article-title":"Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial","volume":"294","author":"Binanay","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"11","key":"B36-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.08.012","article-title":"Complete hemodynamic profiling with pulmonary artery catheters in cardiogenic shock is associated with lower in-hospital mortality","volume":"8","author":"Garan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"issue":"18","key":"B37-20250823","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"7","key":"B38-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.12.020","article-title":"Substantial discrepancy between fluid and weight loss during acute decompensated heart failure treatment","volume":"128","author":"Testani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"B39-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.04.005","article-title":"The role of the clinical examination in patients with heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Thibodeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"issue":"19","key":"B40-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009961","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009961","article-title":"Alterations in portal vein flow and intrarenal venous flow are associated with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Beaubien-Souligny","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"8","key":"B41-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.03.016","article-title":"Clinical implications of intrarenal hemodynamic evaluation by Doppler ultrasonography in heart failure","volume":"4","author":"Iida","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"issue":"1","key":"B42-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2020.09.003","article-title":"The effect of decongestion on intrarenal venous flow patterns in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Ter Maaten","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Card Fail."},{"issue":"4","key":"B43-20250823","first-page":"339","article-title":"Prognostic value of decreased peripheral congestion detected by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: BIVA prognostic value in acute heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Santarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care."},{"issue":"19","key":"B44-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030112","article-title":"Worsening renal function in patients with acute heart failure undergoing aggressive diuresis is not associated with tubular injury","volume":"137","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"6","key":"B45-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005552","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005552","article-title":"Renal effects of intensive volume removal in heart failure patients with preexisting worsening renal function","volume":"12","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"issue":"4","key":"B46-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001957","article-title":"Relief and recurrence of congestion during and after hospitalization for acute heart failure: insights from Diuretic Optimization Strategy Evaluation in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (DOSE-AHF) and Cardiorenal Rescue Study in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (CARESS-HF)","volume":"8","author":"Lala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"issue":"1","key":"B47-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.09.026","article-title":"Rates of reversal of volume overload in hospitalized acute heart failure: association with long-term kidney function","volume":"80","author":"McCallum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B48-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.04.003","article-title":"Rates of in-hospital decongestion and association with mortality and cardiovascular outcomes among patients admitted for acute heart failure","volume":"135","author":"McCallum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"B49-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2014.09.003","article-title":"Decongestion strategies and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in acute heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Mentz","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"issue":"9","key":"B50-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005419","article-title":"Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"364","author":"Felker","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B51-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2018.01.013","article-title":"First spot urine sodium after initial diuretic identifies patients at high risk for adverse outcome after heart failure hospitalization","volume":"203","author":"Luk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"issue":"1","key":"B52-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002370","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002370","article-title":"Rapid and highly accurate prediction of poor loop diuretic natriuretic response in patients with heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Testani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"key":"B53-20250823","first-page":"ehac689","article-title":"Combining loop with thiazide diuretics for decompensated heart failure: the CLOROTIC trial","volume":"24","author":"Trull\u00e0s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"issue":"19","key":"B54-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.06.034","article-title":"Combination of loop diuretics with thiazide-type diuretics in heart failure","volume":"56","author":"Jentzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"15","key":"B55-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B56-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038","article-title":"Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction","volume":"385","author":"Anker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"B57-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01659-1","article-title":"The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: a multinational randomized trial","volume":"28","author":"Voors","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"B58-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F383","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00464.2014","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase II binds to and increases the activity of the epithelial sodium-proton exchanger, NHE3","volume":"309","author":"Krishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol."},{"issue":"13","key":"B59-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203094","article-title":"Acetazolamide in acute decompensated heart failure with volume overload","volume":"387","author":"Mullens","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"B60-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.2198","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of spironolactone in acute heart failure: the ATHENA-HF randomized clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"B61-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.12.1319","article-title":"Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial","volume":"297","author":"Konstam","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"12","key":"B62-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.12.1332","article-title":"Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials","volume":"297","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"21","key":"B63-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000070422.41439.04","article-title":"Vasopressin V2-receptor blockade with tolvaptan in patients with chronic heart failure: results from a double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"107","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"B64-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1100171","article-title":"Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"365","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"23","key":"B65-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.282190","article-title":"Low-dose dopamine or low-dose nesiritide in acute heart failure with renal dysfunction: the ROSE acute heart failure randomized trial","volume":"310","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"15","key":"B66-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912613","article-title":"Rolofylline, an adenosine A1-receptor antagonist, in acute heart failure","volume":"363","author":"Massie","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B67-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31820f10ad","article-title":"Short-term effects of hypertonic saline solution in acute heart failure and long-term effects of a moderate sodium restriction in patients with compensated heart failure with New York Heart Association class III (Class C) (SMAC-HF Study)","volume":"342","author":"Paterna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"B68-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.059","article-title":"Changes in brain natriuretic peptide levels and bioelectrical impedance measurements after treatment with high-dose furosemide and hypertonic saline solution versus high-dose furosemide alone in refractory congestive heart failure: a double-blind study","volume":"45","author":"Paterna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"B69-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.073","article-title":"Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"49","author":"Costanzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B70-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1210357","article-title":"Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Bart","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"B71-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.08.005","article-title":"Aquapheresis versus intravenous diuretics and hospitalizations for heart failure","volume":"4","author":"Costanzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"issue":"5","key":"B72-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs035","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis relieves clinical symptoms and is well tolerated in patients with refractory heart failure and chronic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Koch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail."},{"issue":"11","key":"B73-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001088","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of home dialysis therapies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"146","author":"Sarnak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"3","key":"B74-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.12.038","article-title":"The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2020 annual report","volume":"111","author":"Molina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"B75-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.4831","article-title":"Outcomes associated with left ventricular assist devices among recipients with and without end-stage renal disease","volume":"178","author":"Bansal","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"B76-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008664","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008664","article-title":"Implantable ventricular assist device use and outcomes in people with end-stage renal disease","volume":"7","author":"Walther","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"B77-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000507","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic importance of changes in renal function after mechanical circulatory support","volume":"7","author":"Brisco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."},{"issue":"2","key":"B78-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000221","article-title":"Secondary hemosiderosis on kidney biopsy in a patient with a left ventricular assist device","volume":"347","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"B79-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.12.023","article-title":"Reduced pulsatility induces periarteritis in kidney: role of the local renin\u2013angiotensin system","volume":"136","author":"Ootaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"B80-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.09.019","article-title":"Left ventricular assist devices, kidney disease, and dialysis","volume":"71","author":"Roehm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"B81-20250823","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006731","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006731","article-title":"Conceptual considerations for device-based therapy in acute decompensated heart failure: DRI2P2S","volume":"13","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail."}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:46:16Z","timestamp":1786369576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.0000000000000064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041","1555-905X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-905X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-01","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-22","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}