{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:35:22Z","timestamp":1790883322221,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sexual dimorphism plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of CKD. Men with CKD often exhibit faster kidney function decline, leading to higher rates of kidney failure and mortality compared with women. Studies suggest that sex hormones may influence this apparent dimorphism, although the mechanisms underlying these influences remain poorly understood. In this review, we first summarize recent findings on sex differences in the prevalence and progression of CKD. Subsequently, we will focus on (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) the role of sex hormones in these sex differences, (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) kidney structural and hemodynamic differences between men and women, (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) the influence of sex hormones on pathophysiological processes leading to kidney disease, including glomerular hyperfiltration and key pathways involved in kidney inflammation and fibrosis, and finally, focus on the consequences of the underrepresentation of women in clinical trials. Understanding these sex differences is critical for advancing precision medicine and improving outcomes for both men and women with CKD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000000642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T12:01:08Z","timestamp":1734091268000},"page":"301-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Unraveling Sex Differences in Kidney Health and CKD"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5044-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"van Eeghen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9190-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie J.","family":"Nokoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9712-3894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taryn G.","family":"Vosters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2906-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maartina J.P.","family":"Oosterom-Eijmael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Z.I.","family":"Cherney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9306-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene G.M.","family":"van Valkengoed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0167-175X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye Ji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5577-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petter","family":"Bjornstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3620-5617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"den Heijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani\u00ebl H.","family":"van Raalte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Cardiovascular sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl (2011)."},{"issue":"2","key":"B2-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V112319","article-title":"Effect of gender on the progression of nondiabetic renal disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Neugarten","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"B3-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.181","article-title":"Sex and gender disparities in the 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