{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:45:45Z","timestamp":1786373145293,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["223499\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223499\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["301005\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301005\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The four-variable kidney failure risk equation (KFRE) does not accurately estimate kidney failure risk in frail individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Prognostication of kidney failure is improved in frail individuals with CKD by replacing eGFR creatinine with cystatin C-based eGFR in the KFRE model.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Consideration of competing mortality risk is particularly important in those with frailty and higher KFRE risk predictions.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frailty is common among adults with CKD, and its presence can influence clinical outcomes, such as advancing CKD and mortality. Clinical guidelines recommend the use of the kidney failure risk equation (KFRE) to guide management of CKD. Our aim was to validate KFRE by frailty status and assess whether model performance could be improved by using cystatin C-based eGFR equations and to assess the effect of accounting for competing mortality risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied adults from the prospective research cohort UK Biobank with CKD G3\u20135 (eGFR &lt;60 ml\/min per 1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) by any of the three CKD Epidemiology Collaboration consortium eGFR equations: eGFR creatinine (eGFRcr), eGFR cystatin C (eGFRcys), and eGFR cystatin C-cystatin. Frailty was assessed by a modified frailty phenotype and two cumulative deficit frailty indices. Kidney failure was defined as long-term dialysis or kidney transplantation. Model assessment included discrimination, calibration, and overall fit at 2 and 5 years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of frailty by one or more measures was 35% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =8533). Those classed as frail had a higher discrepancy between eGFRcys and eGFRcr compared with the nonfrail group (\u221215.8 versus \u22126.9 ml\/min per 1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Discrimination of KFRE was good (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve \u22650.88 across all frailty subgroups and eGFR equations). Kidney failure at 5 years was underestimated in individuals with frailty (observed\/expected ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.55 to 1.85). Calibration-in-the-large improved when eGFRcr was replaced by eGFRcys (5-year observed\/expected ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 1.35). Overestimation of kidney failure risk in analyses that do not account for competing mortality risk, compared with those that do, was most apparent in the frailty group and the higher KFRE predicted risk groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>KFRE underestimates kidney failure risk of individuals with CKD and frailty. Risk prediction improved for those with frailty when cystatin C-based eGFR equations are used and when analyses account for competing risk of mortality. These factors should be considered when KFRE calculation is used in clinical practice in individuals with frailty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000000739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T12:01:24Z","timestamp":1747828884000},"page":"1051-1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Frailty in Adults with CKD and Validation of the Kidney Failure Risk Equation in Frailty Subgroups"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0148-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4763-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Jesus","family":"Carrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3800-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael K.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"},{"name":"Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4424-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"},{"name":"Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5828-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Hanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6716-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Laure","family":"Faucon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edouard L.","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2615-226X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgi","family":"Beridze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7348-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhautesh Dinesh","family":"Jani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8620-8758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Gallacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3387-2123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick B.","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland"},{"name":"Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9868","key":"B1-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","article-title":"Frailty in elderly people","volume":"381","author":"Clegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"3","key":"B2-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"key":"B3-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102614","article-title":"Projecting the clinical burden of chronic kidney disease at the patient level (Inside CKD): a microsimulation modelling study","volume":"72","author":"Chertow","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"issue":"12","key":"B4-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02870313","article-title":"Kidney function and prevalent and incident frailty","volume":"8","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"B5-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt109","article-title":"Aging and chronic kidney disease: the impact on physical function and cognition","volume":"69","author":"Anand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"B6-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03303-1","article-title":"Prevalence of physical frailty and impact on survival in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"B7-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2003.12.049","article-title":"The presence of frailty in elderly persons with chronic renal insufficiency","volume":"43","author":"Shlipak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"B8-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad063","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad063","article-title":"Association of kidney function and albuminuria with frailty worsening and death in very old adults","volume":"52","author":"Mielke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B9-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2016.10.007","article-title":"Frailty and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"B10-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw411","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline on management of older patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3b or higher (eGFR <45 mL\/min\/1.73 m2): a summary document from the European Renal Best Practice Group","volume":"32","author":"Farrington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"4S","key":"B12-20250808","first-page":"S117","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"B13-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03649-9","article-title":"Representation of multimorbidity and frailty in the development and validation of kidney failure prognostic prediction models: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Walker","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"B14-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.451","article-title":"A predictive model for progression of chronic kidney disease to kidney failure","volume":"305","author":"Tangri","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"10","key":"B15-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.19014","article-title":"Difference between kidney function by cystatin C versus creatinine and association with muscle mass and frailty","volume":"72","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"issue":"10","key":"B16-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2238300","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.38300","article-title":"Assessment of cystatin C level for risk stratification in adults with chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Lees","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"15","key":"B17-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.468","article-title":"Detection of chronic kidney disease with creatinine, cystatin C, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and association with progression to end-stage renal disease and mortality","volume":"305","author":"Peralta","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"19","key":"B18-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","article-title":"New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race","volume":"385","author":"Inker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"B19-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0627-8","article-title":"Glomerular filtration rate by differing measures, albuminuria and prediction of cardiovascular disease, mortality and end-stage kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Lees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"B20-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"B21-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"B22-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym276","article-title":"The UK Biobank sample handling and storage protocol for the collection, processing and archiving of human blood and urine","volume":"37","author":"Elliott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"B23-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.7.722","article-title":"Frailty in relation to the accumulation of deficits","volume":"62","author":"Rockwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"B24-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0171-9","article-title":"Standard laboratory tests to identify older adults at increased risk of death","volume":"12","author":"Howlett","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"B25-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30091-4","article-title":"Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493\u2008737 UK Biobank participants","volume":"3","author":"Hanlon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"B26-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly094","article-title":"A frailty index for UK Biobank participants","volume":"74","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"B27-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afac309","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac309","article-title":"The frailty index based on laboratory test data as a tool to investigate the impact of frailty on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Sapp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"B28-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2001.58","article-title":"Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging","volume":"1","author":"Mitnitski","year":"2001","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal."},{"issue":"1","key":"B29-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-8-24","article-title":"A standard procedure for creating a frailty index","volume":"8","author":"Searle","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"B30-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-021-00029-9","article-title":"An analysis of frailty and multimorbidity in 20,566 UK Biobank participants with type 2 diabetes","volume":"1","author":"Hanlon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"B32-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002955","article-title":"The kidney failure risk equation for prediction of end stage renal disease in UK primary care: an external validation and clinical impact projection cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Major","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"B33-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9275","article-title":"Minimum sample size calculations for external validation of a clinical prediction model with a time-to-event outcome","volume":"41","author":"Riley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"B34-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7992","article-title":"Minimum sample size for developing a multivariable prediction model: PART II - \u2014binary and time-to-event outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Riley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B35-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02970-z","article-title":"Impact of data source choice on multimorbidity measurement: a comparison study of 2.3 million individuals in the Welsh National Health Service","volume":"21","author":"MacRae","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B36-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0332-6","article-title":"Time-dependent ROC curve analysis in medical research: current methods and applications","volume":"17","author":"Kamarudin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B37-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::AID-SIM168>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors","volume":"15","author":"Harrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"B38-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1802","article-title":"Overall C as a measure of discrimination in survival analysis: model specific population value and confidence interval estimation","volume":"23","author":"Pencina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B39-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-33","article-title":"External validation of a Cox prognostic model: principles and methods","volume":"13","author":"Royston","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"issue":"17-18","key":"B40-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19990915\/30)18:17\/18<2529::AID-SIM274>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Assessment and comparison of prognostic classification schemes for survival data","volume":"18","author":"Graf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B41-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1950)078<0001:VOFEIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability","volume":"78","author":"Brier","year":"1950","journal-title":"Mon Weather Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"B42-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c30fb2","article-title":"Assessing the performance of prediction models: a framework for traditional and novel measures","volume":"21","author":"Steyerberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"2","key":"B43-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab256","article-title":"Lessons learnt when accounting for competing events in the external validation of time-to-event prognostic models","volume":"51","author":"Ramspek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B44-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv150","article-title":"Frailty and comorbidity are independent predictors of outcome in patients referred for pre-dialysis education","volume":"9","author":"Pugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"issue":"2","key":"B45-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18202","article-title":"Multinational assessment of accuracy of equations for predicting risk of kidney failure: a meta-analysis","volume":"315","author":"Tangri","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"1","key":"B46-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0241-z","article-title":"Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement","volume":"13","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B47-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2017.09.004","article-title":"Frailty screening and interventions: considerations for clinical practice","volume":"34","author":"Walston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"B48-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz158","article-title":"Principles and issues for physical frailty measurement and its clinical application","volume":"75","author":"Bandeen-Roche","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"B49-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz052","article-title":"Discrepancy in frailty identification: move beyond predictive validity","volume":"75","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"B50-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx061","article-title":"Agreement between 35 published frailty scores in the general population","volume":"186","author":"Aguayo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"B51-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12773","article-title":"Identifying common characteristics of frailty across seven scales","volume":"62","author":"Theou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"issue":"12","key":"B52-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afad221","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad221","article-title":"How to construct a frailty index from an existing dataset in 10 steps","volume":"52","author":"Theou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"issue":"4","key":"B53-20250808","first-page":"e200023","article-title":"Mapping between the electronic frailty index and a research standard frailty index: findings from the community ageing research 75+ (CARE 75+) cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Munyombwe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Geriatr Med Res."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"B54-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw356","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline on management of older patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3b or higher (eGFR <45 mL\/min\/1.73 m2)","volume":"31","author":"Farrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"3","key":"B55-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.04.022","article-title":"Implementing the European Renal Best Practice Guidelines suggests that prediction equations work well to differentiate risk of end-stage renal disease vs. death in older patients with low estimated glomerular filtration rate","volume":"96","author":"Hallan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"B56-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00919-6","article-title":"Low performance of prognostic tools for predicting dialysis in elderly people with advanced CKD","volume":"34","author":"Prouvot","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nephrol."},{"issue":"6967","key":"B57-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6967.1480","article-title":"Confounding and Simpson's paradox","volume":"309","author":"Julious","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"6","key":"B58-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.07.010","article-title":"Differences between cystatin C- and creatinine-based estimated GFR\u2014early evidence of a clinical marker for frailty","volume":"76","author":"McAdams-DeMarco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"B59-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2234208","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.34208","article-title":"Association of cystatin C kidney function measures with long-term deficit-accumulation frailty trajectories and physical function decline","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"3","key":"B60-20250808","first-page":"482","article-title":"The kidney failure risk equation: evaluation of novel input variables including eGFR estimated using the CKD-EPI 2021 equation in 59 cohorts","volume":"34","author":"Grams","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"B61-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-023-00157-x","article-title":"Using the kidney failure risk equation to predict end-stage kidney disease in CKD patients of South Asian ethnicity: an external validation study","volume":"7","author":"Maher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"B62-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.01.009","article-title":"Predicting timing of clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and severely decreased glomerular filtration rate","volume":"93","author":"Grams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B63-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e078063","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078063","article-title":"Predicting the risks of kidney failure and death in adults with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease: multinational, longitudinal, population based, cohort study","volume":"385","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"1","key":"B64-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03339-3","article-title":"UK Kidney Association clinical practice guideline: sodium-glucose Co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibition in adults with kidney disease 2023 UPDATE","volume":"24","author":"Roddick","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B65-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.11.010","article-title":"Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement","volume":"68","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B66-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad219","article-title":"Accuracy of GFR estimating equations based on creatinine, cystatin C or both in routine care","volume":"39","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"B67-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.001","article-title":"Conservative kidney management and kidney supportive care: core components of integrated care for people with kidney failure","volume":"105","author":"Davison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B68-20250808","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m131","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m131","article-title":"Comparison of risk factor associations in UK Biobank against representative, general population based studies with conventional response rates: prospective cohort study and individual participant meta-analysis","volume":"368","author":"Batty","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.0000000739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:42:50Z","timestamp":1786369370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.0000000739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.0000000739","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041","1555-905X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-905X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-20","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-16","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}