{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:28:23Z","timestamp":1792578503601,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An intensive management, including nutritional interventions, is crucial for reducing mortality and improving outcomes in patients with CKD. Dietary protein reduction has been a key strategy in CKD management since the 1930s, when specialized diets were used to treat uremic symptoms. Research has shown that excessive protein intake exacerbates kidney damage, while a controlled protein intake reduces metabolic toxins and their harmful effects. Evidence indicates that animal proteins contribute to the production of uremic toxins; in contrast, a plant-based diet offers numerous benefits as long as the sources are combined to ensure a complete essential amino acid profile. This review explores the optimal protein intake for patients with CKD, focusing on the quantity and quality of dietary proteins and the optimal way to ensure a sustained compliance over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000000777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T12:36:33Z","timestamp":1748954193000},"page":"497-505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dietary Protein Intake in CKD"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Fouque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6752-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Mafra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biological Sciences \u2013 Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Bellizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Sant\u2019Anna e San Sebastiano Hospital, Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"B1-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00820-6","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus","volume":"20","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"issue":"4S","key":"B2-20260416","first-page":"S117","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"10225","key":"B3-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"10","key":"B4-20260416","first-page":"CD001892","article-title":"Low protein diets for non-diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"3 suppl 1","key":"B5-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update","volume":"76","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B6-20260416","first-page":"1","article-title":"[Nutrition in renal diseases]","volume":"5","author":"Giordano","year":"1964","journal-title":"Aggiorn Clinico Ter."},{"issue":"1","key":"B7-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz216","article-title":"High-protein diet is bad for kidney health: unleashing the taboo","volume":"35","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"18","key":"B8-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1700312","article-title":"Nutritional management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"377","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B9-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-024-02135-y","article-title":"Integrating the new pharmacological standard of care with traditional nutritional interventions in non-dialysis CKD","volume":"38","author":"De Nicola","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nephrol."},{"issue":"25","key":"B10-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612193352507","article-title":"Mechanisms of muscle wasting. 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