{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:07:46Z","timestamp":1791598066050,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The term ultra-processed food (UPF) was developed almost two decades ago to define foods which have undergone sophisticated industrial processing. Many of these foods contain added sugars, unhealthy fats, salt, and food additives designed to enhance palatability, extend shelf life, and drive high sales. Owing to these convenient characteristics, the sales and consumption of UPF have consistently increased, with the tendency to replace minimally processed foods in the diet. This shift has led to a decrease in dietary quality and to an increase in the consumption of sugars, unhealthy fats, salt, and food additives, the latter raising concerns about potential toxicity. Therefore, UPF consumption has been associated with increased risk of developing noncommunicable diseases, including CKD, and may have an effect on kidney health in each CKD stage. Primary caregivers should be aware that UPF increases the risk of developing CKD. Providers of secondary and tertiary care should note that UPF contributes to the development of metabolic derangements such as metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, dyslipidemia, and dysbiosis. This review provides a summary of the main adverse effects of UPFs on general health as well as on kidney health. In addition, it gives practical guidance on how to define and assess UPF intake in research and clinical settings, with proposed strategies on how to address UPF consumption in individuals with CKD stages 3\u20135, aiming at reducing UPF consumption and increasing intake of minimally processed healthier food.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000000789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T12:00:44Z","timestamp":1749816044000},"page":"321-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ultra-Processed Foods and Food Additives in CKD"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Maria","family":"Avesani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Baxter Novum Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8330-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Cecchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Baxter Novum Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Baxter Novum Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bengt","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Baxter Novum Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Stenvinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine, Baxter Novum Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9672-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Canella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition, Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6614-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Picard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Renal Agency, Island Health Authority, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009005291","article-title":"Nutrition and health. The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so much as processing","volume":"12","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"B2-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them","volume":"22","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B3-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100771","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a multinational cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Cordova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur."},{"issue":"2","key":"B4-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.5942","article-title":"Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes among participants of the NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 prospective cohort","volume":"180","author":"Srour","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"B5-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13146","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13146","article-title":"Ultraprocessed food and chronic noncommunicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studies","volume":"22","author":"Lane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"B6-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e077310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077310","article-title":"Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses","volume":"384","author":"Lane","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"4","key":"B7-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13682","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13682","article-title":"Ultra-processed food and non-communicable diseases in the United Kingdom: a narrative review and thematic synthesis of literature","volume":"25","author":"Henney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"B8-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082778","article-title":"A systematic review of worldwide consumption of ultra-processed foods: findings and criticisms","volume":"13","author":"Marino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"10","key":"B9-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103390","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and nutritional dietary profile: a meta-analysis of nationally representative samples","volume":"13","author":"Martini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B10-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359229","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1359229","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and chronic kidney disease risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"B11-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13126","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13126","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers","volume":"21","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"B12-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00893-5","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease","volume":"21","author":"Whelan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B13-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2022056004060","article-title":"Food additives in childhood: a review on consumption and health consequences","volume":"56","author":"Kraemer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica."},{"issue":"2","key":"B14-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004338","article-title":"Food additive emulsifiers and cancer risk: results from the French prospective NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 cohort","volume":"21","author":"Sellem","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"B15-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00086-X","article-title":"Food additive emulsifiers and the risk of type 2 diabetes: analysis of data from the NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Salame","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B16-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e076058","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076058","article-title":"Food additive emulsifiers and risk of cardiovascular disease in the NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 cohort: prospective cohort study","volume":"382","author":"Sellem","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"10","key":"B17-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2023.69.10.30","article-title":"Synergistic toxicity of some food additives used in non-alcoholic beverages on renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"69","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)."},{"issue":"3","key":"B19-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100180","article-title":"Perspective: Mexico's experience in building a toolkit for obesity and noncommunicable diseases prevention","volume":"15","author":"Rivera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"issue":"10","key":"B20-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.4067\/s0034-98872021001001485","article-title":"A description of Chilean food and nutrition health policies","volume":"149","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Osiac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil."},{"issue":"23","key":"B22-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e472","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001031","article-title":"2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart association","volume":"144","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"4S","key":"B23-20260318","first-page":"S117","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"B25-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-023-00779-w","article-title":"Best practices for applying the Nova food classification system","volume":"4","author":"Martinez-Steele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Food."},{"key":"B26-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2021055003588","article-title":"Nova score for the consumption of ultra-processed foods: description and performance evaluation in Brazil","volume":"55","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica."},{"issue":"3","key":"B27-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02733-7","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption in adults across Europe","volume":"61","author":"Mertens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"issue":"23","key":"B28-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234008","article-title":"Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods among adults in southern China: analysis of serial cross-sectional health Survey data 2002-2022","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"1","key":"B29-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab305","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption among US adults from 2001 to 2018","volume":"115","author":"Juul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"B30-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60948-w","article-title":"Food additives: distribution and co-occurrence in 126,000 food products of the French market","volume":"10","author":"Chazelas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"10184","key":"B31-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"393","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"6","key":"B32-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa075","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and the risk of short telomeres in an elderly population of the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Project","volume":"111","author":"Alonso-Pedrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"B33-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4397","article-title":"Association between consumption of ultraprocessed foods and cognitive decline","volume":"80","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B34-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020120","article-title":"Nutritional criminology: why the emerging research on ultra-processed food matters to health and justice","volume":"21","author":"Prescott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"B35-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118353","article-title":"Comparing different policy scenarios to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods in UK: impact on cardiovascular disease mortality using a modelling approach","volume":"10","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"1","key":"B36-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.008","article-title":"Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake","volume":"30","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"B37-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00956-7","article-title":"Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and adherence to Mediterranean diet in an adult population: the Mediterranean diet index as a pollution level index","volume":"22","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health."},{"issue":"6S","key":"B38-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2022.09.003","article-title":"Planetary health, nutrition and chronic kidney disease: connecting the dots for a sustainable future","volume":"33","author":"Avesani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B39-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164417","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods consumption as a promoting factor of greenhouse gas emissions, water, energy, and land use: a longitudinal assessment","volume":"891","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"B40-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000062","article-title":"Metabolomic markers of ultra-processed food and incident CKD","volume":"18","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"14","key":"B41-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe4841","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe4841","article-title":"Processed foods drive intestinal barrier permeability and microvascular diseases","volume":"7","author":"Snelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"issue":"11","key":"B42-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad103","article-title":"Ultraprocessed foods and chronic kidney disease-double trouble","volume":"16","author":"Avesani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"issue":"4","key":"B43-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.10.003","article-title":"Potassium additives and bioavailability: are we missing something in hyperkalemia management?","volume":"29","author":"Picard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"B44-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab066","article-title":"Perspective: plant-based whole-grain foods for chronic kidney disease: the phytate-phosphorus conundrum","volume":"12","author":"Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"B45-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480701690519","article-title":"An investigation into the bioaccessibility of potassium in unprocessed fruits and vegetables","volume":"59","author":"Naismith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B46-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.09.050","article-title":"Mineral availability is modified by tannin and phytate content in sorghum flaked breakfast cereals","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"B47-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2024.05.010","article-title":"Potassium-based sodium substitutes impact the sodium and potassium content of foods","volume":"35","author":"Picard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"B48-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2022.12.007","article-title":"Phosphorus additives and their impact on phosphorus content in foods\u2014an analysis of the USDAs branded foods product database","volume":"33","author":"Picard","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"B49-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.13007","article-title":"Potassium content of the American food supply and implications for the management of hyperkalemia in dialysis: an analysis of the Branded Product Database","volume":"37","author":"Picard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Dial."},{"issue":"3","key":"B50-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06080809","article-title":"Understanding sources of dietary phosphorus in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"10","key":"B51-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103569","article-title":"Are food additives a really problematic hidden source of potassium for chronic kidney disease patients?","volume":"13","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Pineda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"1","key":"B52-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2024.07.006","article-title":"Potassium food additives and dietary management of serum potassium: proposed best-practice recommendations","volume":"35","author":"Picard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"B53-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.01.452","article-title":"Ultraprocessed foods and kidney disease progression, mortality, and cardiovascular disease risk in the CRIC study","volume":"82","author":"Sullivan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"B54-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.06.025","article-title":"Plant-based diet in hyperkalemic chronic kidney disease patients receiving sodium zirconium cyclosilicate: a feasibility clinical trial","volume":"120","author":"Avesani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"B55-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.08.008","article-title":"Health effects of the New Nordic Renal Diet in patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease, compared with habitual diet: a randomized trial","volume":"118","author":"Misella Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"B56-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2022.09.010","article-title":"The new nordic renal diet induces a pronounced reduction of urine acid excretion and uremic toxins in chronic kidney disease patients (stage 3 and 4)","volume":"33","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"B57-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1159\/000500042","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable treatment of chronic kidney disease-related metabolic acidosis reduces cardiovascular risk better than sodium bicarbonate","volume":"49","author":"Goraya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol."},{"issue":"24","key":"B58-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244291","article-title":"Associations of ultra-processed food intake with the incidence of cardiometabolic and mental health outcomes go beyond specific subgroups-the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health","volume":"16","author":"Canhada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"7","key":"B59-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1993","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: three large prospective U.S. Cohort studies","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B60-20260318","article-title":"Food additives containing potassium, phosphorus, and sodium in ultra-processed foods: potential harms to individuals with chronic kidney disease","author":"Cecchini","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B61-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.03.013","article-title":"Elderly patients on hemodialysis have worse dietary quality and higher consumption of ultraprocessed food than elderly without chronic kidney disease [published online ahead of print March 21, 2025]","volume":"41","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"issue":"2","key":"B62-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-023-01817-3","article-title":"From ultra-processed foods towards healthy eating for CKD patients: a proposal of educational infographics","volume":"37","author":"Padial","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nephrol."},{"issue":"11","key":"B63-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01061-3","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic health outcomes: from evidence to practice","volume":"24","author":"Juul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep."}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.0000000789","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:43:11Z","timestamp":1786369391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.0000000789"}},"subtitle":["Unveiling Hidden Risks and Advocating Smarter Food Choices"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.0000000789","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041","1555-905X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-905X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]}}}