{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:50:39Z","timestamp":1786373439096,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DK122767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK122767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DK124138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK124138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DK132869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK132869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-DK132875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK132875"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["UG1-HD107711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG1-HD107711"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Precision nutrition uses an individualized approach in which dietary interventions are tailored according to patients' genetic, biologic, and environmental factors. There are various nutritional guidelines specific to patients with CKD, and while rigorous, they provide generalized recommendations that may not fully address the unique nutritional needs of individual patients. For example, while guidelines endorse prescription of low-protein diets among people with metabolically stable stages 3\u20135 non\u2013dialysis-dependent CKD to reduce kidney disease progression, these recommendations do not fully account for the genetic, metabolic, or physiologic factors that affect how different patients respond to specific dietary interventions. Furthermore, older patients with CKD may require different levels of protein intake compared with younger individuals, given that aging affects protein metabolism. In contrast to conventional nutritional management approaches, which typically use a one-size-fits-all model, precision nutrition and personalized nutrition use an individualized approach. Although the terms precision nutrition and personalized nutrition are sometimes used interchangeably, there are nuanced differences in their definitions such that precision nutrition is more data-driven and uses precise information (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">e.g<\/jats:italic>\n                      ., genetic, microbiome, and metabolic) to inform management, whereas personalized nutrition encompasses a broader approach that also takes into consideration factors such as lifestyle, environment, and patients' preferences. Precision nutrition is evolving rapidly with advances in data collection, deep data analysis, and modeling with application of artificial intelligence, while personalized nutrition is what we practice today leveraging available data and guidelines to meet each individual patient's needs. Numerous advancements have led to a growing armamentarium of tools in precision nutrition, including nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, microbiome profiling, metabolomics, and proteomics, which can be leveraged to guide dietary recommendations according to an individual's unique characteristics. In this review, we examine the role of precision nutrition in CKD, tools used in precision medicine, and practical application of these approaches in treating patients with kidney disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000000807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T12:02:08Z","timestamp":1751371328000},"page":"1051-1060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Role of Precision Nutrition in Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2571-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoko","family":"Narasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"},{"name":"Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9703-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connie M.","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"},{"name":"Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8662-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"B1-20260618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13601","article-title":"Precision nutrition-the answer to \u201cwhat to eat to stay healthy\u201d","volume":"324","author":"Rodgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"5","key":"B2-20260618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.07.005","article-title":"Precision nutrition and personalized diet plan for kidney health and kidney disease management","volume":"30","author":"Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"issue":"10","key":"B4-20260618","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000524","article-title":"Diurnal and daily symptom variation in patients with end stage kidney disease: an ecological momentary 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