{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T05:45:49Z","timestamp":1793339149465,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Worldwide, CKD is seen in one in nine adults; type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most common cause. The population of just two countries in Asia, India and China, constitutes about 35% of the global population and is larger than the population of Africa or the combined populations of Europe and the Americas. CKD Global Outcomes (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of CKD recommends the use of foundational therapies such as lifestyle modifications, detection and treatment of hypertension, and pharmacologic management to forestall cardiovascular and kidney complications of T2D, including renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists such as finerenone, and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. However, the implementation of these guidelines may be limited by real-world considerations, especially in Asia. This continent represents low-, middle-, and high-income countries and a variety of health care systems and policies. In this narrative review, the authors comprising of experts in the management of CKD in T2D in Asia, convened through video conferencing and online survey to discuss the perceived barriers to the implementation of guidelines with a focus on implementing the use of finerenone in CKD in T2D, particularly on the following: (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) the management of hypertension as an important comorbidity of T2D leading to CKD; (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) perceived barriers to screening for CKD in T2D; and (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) the use of finerenone in T2D with CKD, including its effects on Asian patients and perceived barriers to implementing the use of finerenone in the region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000000909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T18:01:12Z","timestamp":1758650472000},"page":"872-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Implementation of Established Global Guidelines in the Management of CKD in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Asia"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8355-7100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajiv","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7401-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaomi","family":"Nangaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5682-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2508-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Yee Moon","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0339-9008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motoko","family":"Yanagita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5521-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunita","family":"Bavanandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8881-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bancha","family":"Satirapoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7589-5150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Kun","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2480-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apiradee","family":"Sriwijitkamol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8632-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Angelica","family":"Roasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4911-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boon Wee","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University Hospital Singapore (NUHS), Singapore"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5936-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8978-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Yao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7167-6495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Precinct, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Hee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0833-5887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dibya Singh","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grande International Hospital, Tokha Saraswati, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4307-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanming","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nephrology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5034-0527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Gyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MGM Hospital, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai-Szu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6862-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney C.W.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000902","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000902","article-title":"Conditions, pathogenesis, and progression of diabetic kidney disease and early decliner in Japan","volume":"8","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care."},{"issue":"8","key":"B2-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2554","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy in an urban South Indian population: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES 45)","volume":"30","author":"Unnikrishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B3-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6353949","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6353949","article-title":"Impaired glomerular filtration rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Thailand","volume":"2020","author":"Nata","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"B4-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8061","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-1591","article-title":"China county-based demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, and health resource consumption analysis for diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"B5-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2009.0133","article-title":"Prevalence of microalbuminuria among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus\u2014a hospital-based study from North India","volume":"12","author":"Kanakamani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"B6-20261023","first-page":"46","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the development of overt nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients: a 12 years observational study","volume":"136","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"B7-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007525","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007525","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Asia: a systematic review and analysis","volume":"7","author":"Liyanage","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"issue":"10225","key":"B8-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","author":"Bikbov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"7","key":"B9-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13324","article-title":"Incidence of chronic kidney disease among people with diabetes: a systematic review of observational studies","volume":"34","author":"Koye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"B10-20261023","first-page":"332","article-title":"The Hong Kong Renal Registry: a recent update","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J."},{"issue":"4S","key":"B11-20261023","first-page":"S117","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"B12-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2024.103008","article-title":"Current status of hypertension care and management in the Philippines","volume":"18","author":"Dela Rosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr."},{"issue":"10","key":"B13-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2339098","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.39098","article-title":"Hypertension diagnosis, treatment, and control in India","volume":"6","author":"Varghese","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"12","key":"B14-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003480","article-title":"2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)","volume":"41","author":"Mancia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hypertens."},{"issue":"6","key":"B15-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000066","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"issue":"9","key":"B16-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14335","article-title":"Executive summary of the 2020 clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the Philippines","volume":"23","author":"Ona","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)."},{"issue":"3","key":"B17-20261023","first-page":"225","article-title":"2022 guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology and the Taiwan Hypertension Society for the Management of Hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin."},{"issue":"9","key":"B22-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14580","article-title":"Highlights of the 2022 Vietnamese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension: the collaboration of the Vietnamese Society of Hypertension (VSH) task force with the contribution of the Vietnam National Heart Association (VNHA): the collaboration of the Vietnamese Society of Hypertension (VSH) task force with the contribution of the Vietnam National Heart Association (VNHA)","volume":"24","author":"Van Minh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)."},{"issue":"3S","key":"B23-20261023","first-page":"S1","article-title":"KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease","volume":"99","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"B24-20261023","first-page":"30","article-title":"Diabetes Hypertension and kidney disease combination \u201cDHKD syndrome\u201d is common in India","volume":"66","author":"Dash","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India."},{"issue":"4","key":"B25-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.04.032","article-title":"Considerable international variation exists in blood pressure control and antihypertensive prescription patterns in chronic kidney disease","volume":"96","author":"Alencar de Pinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"B26-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpx222","article-title":"Hypertension control in adults with CKD in China: baseline results from the Chinese cohort study of chronic kidney disease (C-STRIDE)","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens."},{"issue":"3","key":"B27-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10238","article-title":"Consensus document on improving hypertension management in Asian patients, taking into account Asian characteristics","volume":"71","author":"Kario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"issue":"4","key":"B28-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14147","article-title":"Estimated dietary sodium intake in Thailand: a nationwide population survey with 24-hour urine collections","volume":"23","author":"Chailimpamontree","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)."},{"issue":"9","key":"B29-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093232","article-title":"Sodium intake and health: what should we recommend based on the current evidence?","volume":"13","author":"Mente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"3","key":"B30-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-258X.255754","article-title":"Salt-sensitive phenotypes: a community-based exploratory study from Northeastern India","volume":"31","author":"Borah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl Med J India."},{"issue":"4","key":"B31-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02286-8","article-title":"Salt substitution and salt-supply restriction for lowering blood pressure in elderly care facilities: a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"29","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B32-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab054","article-title":"Effects of a reduced-sodium added-potassium salt substitute on blood pressure in rural Indian hypertensive patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"114","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"B33-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.018820","article-title":"Global variation in the relative burden of stroke and ischemic heart disease","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"1","key":"B34-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2023.12.009","article-title":"Comparison of Indian clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension with the world health organization, International Society of Hypertension, American, and European guidelines","volume":"76","author":"Satheesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"issue":"5","key":"B35-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14659","article-title":"Initial estimated glomerular filtration rate decline and long-term renal function during intensive antihypertensive therapy: a post hoc analysis of the SPRINT and ACCORD-BP randomized controlled trials","volume":"75","author":"Collard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension."},{"issue":"1","key":"B36-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.012","article-title":"The case for early identification and intervention of chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference","volume":"99","author":"Shlipak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B37-20261023","first-page":"101493","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of population-based screening for chronic kidney disease among the general population and adults with diabetes in China: a modelling study","volume":"56","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac."},{"issue":"1","key":"B38-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02325-9","article-title":"Living with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the patient and clinician perspective","volume":"40","author":"Nicholas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Ther."},{"issue":"9","key":"B39-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020030277","article-title":"Early detection of CKD: implications for low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries","volume":"31","author":"Tonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B40-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.6817","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: results from the sixth China chronic disease and risk factor surveillance","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B41-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09387-w","article-title":"CKDNET, a quality improvement project for prevention and reduction of chronic kidney disease in the Northeast Thailand","volume":"20","author":"Cha'on","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"B42-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp669","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in the Thai adult population: Thai SEEK study","volume":"25","author":"Ingsathit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"B43-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-01966-8","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its associated factors in Malaysia; findings from a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Saminathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"issue":"8","key":"B44-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16081443","article-title":"Limited knowledge of chronic kidney disease among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in India","volume":"16","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"B45-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000485110","article-title":"Factors associated with chronic kidney disease and their clinical utility in primary care clinics in a multi-ethnic Southeast Asian population","volume":"138","author":"Lew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephron."},{"issue":"12","key":"B46-20261023","first-page":"e50247","article-title":"Physicians' knowledge, attitudes and barriers regarding chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management in Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Al-Zaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"1","key":"B47-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02438-6","article-title":"The need for screening, early diagnosis, and prediction of chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes in low- and middle-income countries-a review of the current literature","volume":"20","author":"George","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"B48-20261023","first-page":"478","article-title":"Management of chronic kidney disease: a Hong Kong consensus recommendation","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J."},{"issue":"10","key":"B51-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4165","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15789","article-title":"Barriers to early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for renal protection: a comprehensive review and call to action","volume":"26","author":"Czupryniak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"B53-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab777","article-title":"Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis","volume":"43","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"issue":"1","key":"B54-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02053-6","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of finerenone in chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes in The Netherlands","volume":"22","author":"Quist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B55-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae132","article-title":"Design and baseline characteristics of the Finerenone, in addition to standard of care, on the progression of kidney disease in patients with Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease (FIND-CKD) randomized trial","volume":"40","author":"Heerspink","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"16","key":"B56-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407107","article-title":"Finerenone in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction","volume":"391","author":"Solomon","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Engl J Med."},{"issue":"9-10","key":"B57-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1159\/000532102","article-title":"Cardiorenal outcomes with finerenone in Asian patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: a FIDELIO-DKD post hoc analysis","volume":"54","author":"Koya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"B58-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.11.021","article-title":"A randomized controlled study of finerenone versus placebo in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy","volume":"31","author":"Katayama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications."},{"issue":"5","key":"B59-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-0122","article-title":"A randomized controlled study of finerenone vs. Eplerenone in Japanese patients with worsening chronic heart failure and diabetes and\/or chronic kidney disease","volume":"80","author":"Sato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ J."},{"issue":"2","key":"B60-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400541","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2024.2400541","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of finerenone in diabetic kidney disease patients: a real-world observational study from China","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ren Fail."},{"issue":"12","key":"B61-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-04142-1","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of finerenone in Chinese CKD patients without diabetes: a retrospective, real-world study","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"B62-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-03084-5","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of finerenone for treatment of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes from Japanese payer perspective","volume":"42","author":"Igarashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"B63-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-02906-w","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of finerenone in addition to standard of care for patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes in China","volume":"41","author":"Ming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"B64-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac198","article-title":"Design of the COmbinatioN effect of FInerenone anD EmpaglifloziN in participants with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes using a UACR Endpoint study (CONFIDENCE)","volume":"38","author":"Green","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"issue":"6","key":"B65-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410659","article-title":"Finerenone with empagliflozin in chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes","volume":"393","author":"Agarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"B66-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.24.100","article-title":"Mind the gap in kidney care: translating what we know into what we do","volume":"44","author":"Luyckx","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract."},{"issue":"12","key":"B67-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05787-2","article-title":"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"65","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"issue":"10296","key":"B68-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00536-5","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: established and emerging indications","volume":"398","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B69-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m4573","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4573","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"372","author":"Palmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"1 suppl 1","key":"B70-20261023","first-page":"S181","article-title":"9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes-2025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"12","key":"B71-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0027","article-title":"Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO)","volume":"45","author":"de Boer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"10","key":"B72-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14470","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: an overview of 46 systematic reviews","volume":"23","author":"Augusto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"B73-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0066","article-title":"2019 update to: management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"43","author":"Buse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"12","key":"B74-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0033","article-title":"Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"41","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"4","key":"B75-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac112","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of incretins: focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists","volume":"119","author":"Madsbad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B76-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101102","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes \u2013 state-of-the-art","volume":"46","author":"Nauck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"B77-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403347","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"Perkovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1 suppl 1","key":"B78-20261023","first-page":"S239","article-title":"11. Chronic kidney disease and risk management: standards of care in diabetes-2025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"9","key":"B79-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.037","article-title":"2020 Expert consensus decision pathway on novel therapies for cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes: a report of the American College of Cardiology solution set oversight committee","volume":"76","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"B80-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01798-4","article-title":"Combining glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)","volume":"22","author":"Gourdy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol."},{"issue":"22","key":"B81-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.071689","article-title":"Cardiovascular, kidney, and safety outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists alone and in combination with SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"150","author":"Neuen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"1","key":"B82-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55524-w","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists as add-on to SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Castellana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"B83-20261023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16077","article-title":"Early combination therapy with SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA or dual GIP\/GLP-1 RA in type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Vale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.0000000909","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T16:00:41Z","timestamp":1792771241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.2215\/CJN.0000000909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.0000000909","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041","1555-905X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-905X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]}}}