{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:42:16Z","timestamp":1786372936693,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government","award":["No. 2022R1A2C2092353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022R1A2C2092353"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Republic of Korea","award":["IBS-R028-D1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBS-R028-D1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"\n Key Points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter was associated with faster decline in kidney function among patients with polycystic kidney disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Associations were stronger in younger patients and those with preserved kidney function at baseline.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The association was weaker among patients prescribed tolvaptan.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the fourth leading cause of ESKD. Although the condition is primarily genetic, environmental exposures such as air pollution may influence disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We investigated whether long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n .\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n ) is associated with kidney function decline among individuals with PKD and whether this association differs by age, sex, initial kidney function, and tolvaptan use. Using the Korea National Health Information Database, we identified 18,898 adults with PKD who underwent at least two health screenings between 2016 and 2023. Annual mean PM\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n .\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure was estimated with a high-resolution (1 km\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ) machine learning\u2013based model. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to assess the association between PM\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n .\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure and changes in eGFR, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle covariates.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Each 1\n \u00b5<\/jats:italic>\n g\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n higher lag 0\u20131 year PM\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n .\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n was associated with a \u22120.09 ml\/min per 1.73 m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n change in eGFR (95% confidence interval [CI], \u22120.16 to \u22120.01). More evident associations were observed among younger adults (\u22120.26; 95% CI, \u22120.42 to \u22120.09), individuals with preserved baseline kidney function (\u22120.14; 95% CI, \u22120.21 to \u22120.07), male (\u22120.10; 95% CI, \u22120.21 to 0), and individuals who were not prescribed tolvaptan (\u22120.12; 95% CI, \u22120.20 to \u22120.04).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Chronic exposure to PM\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n .\n 5<\/jats:sub>\n appears to be an environmental modifier of kidney function decline in PKD, particularly among younger individuals and those with preserved kidney function. Environmental risk reduction strategies, together with pharmacologic therapy, may help delay the onset of ESKD in this vulnerable population.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000001065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:00:48Z","timestamp":1776182448000},"page":"1159-1165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Kidney Function among Patients with Polycystic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3231-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngrin","family":"Kwag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of 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Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2963-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sooyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7994-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyojin","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4909-2308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ewha medical data organization, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2980-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongmin","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Ewha-SCL for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Human Systems Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duk-Hee","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of 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