{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:38:09Z","timestamp":1792456689445,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HHSN268201300001I \/ N01-HC-65233, HHSN268201300004I \/ N01-HC-65234, HHSN268201300002I \/ N01-HC-65235, HHSN268201300003I \/ N01- HC-65236 Northwestern Univ, HHSN268201300005I \/ N01-HC-65237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201300001I \/ N01-HC-65233, HHSN268201300004I \/ N01-HC-65234, HHSN268201300002I \/ N01-HC-65235, HHSN268201300003I \/ N01- HC-65236 Northwestern Univ, HHSN268201300005I \/ N01-HC-65237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000063","name":"Office of Dietary Supplements","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Eight in ten Hispanic\/Latino adults had cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic risk factors or subclinical cardiovascular disease at baseline, with differences by sex and background group.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Over 6 years, one in ten regressed to a lower cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic stage while one in five progressed to a higher cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic stage.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Higher baseline cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic stage was associated with progressively greater risk of incident cardiovascular disease over 11.4 years.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic (CKM) syndrome describes the clustering of risk factors and progression of disease at the intersection of metabolic disorders, CKD, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of CKM stages and progression of CKM syndrome among diverse US Hispanic\/Latino adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos is a population-based longitudinal cohort of 16,415 Hispanic\/Latino adults aged 18\u201374 years from four US communities. Participants completed examinations at visit 1 (V1, 2008\u20132011) and visit 2 (2014\u20132017). Data collected included body mass index, waist circumference, glucose tolerance, lipids, BP, metabolic syndrome, CKD, 10-year CVD risk (to define subclinical CVD), and clinical CVD. CKM stages were defined using American Heart Association criteria: stage 0 (no CKM risk factors), stage 1 (excess\/dysfunctional adiposity), stage 2 (metabolic risk factors or CKD), stage 3 (subclinical CVD or risk equivalents), and stage 4 (clinical CVD). We estimated the age-standardized prevalence of CKM stages at V1 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =16,123) and CKM stage progression from V1 to visit 2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =11,178). All analyses were weighted and accounted for the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos complex survey design.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At V1, the mean age was 41.1 years, and 52.3% were female. The distribution of CKM stages was as follows: stage 0, 10.6% (SEM, 0.4); stage 1, 26.1% (SEM, 0.6); stage 2, 50.6% (SEM, 0.6); stage 3, 2.4% (SEM, 0.2); and stage 4, 10.3% (SEM, 0.3). Over an average follow-up of 6 years, 10.3% (SEM, 0.5) regressed to a lower CKM stage, while 21.5% (SEM, 0.7) progressed to a higher CKM stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among diverse US Hispanic\/Latino adults, eight in ten had CKM risk factors or subclinical CVD and one in five experienced CKM progression over 6 years. These findings highlight the need for targeted, early-stage interventions to prevent CKM progression and improve CKM health in Hispanic\/Latino populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.0000001088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:02:15Z","timestamp":1781280135000},"page":"1326-1339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Progression of Cardiovascular\u2013Kidney\u2013Metabolic Syndrome among Hispanic\/Latino Adults in the United States"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9452-5769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooja","family":"Kondeti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3883-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8563-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yelena","family":"Drexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9548-8050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Mesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0339-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien O.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3678-5888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda C.","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6580-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James P.","family":"Lash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9903-4002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia E.","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney and Hypertension Unit, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8346-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Franceschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9499-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Massera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leon H. 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