{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:28:59Z","timestamp":1790731739270,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n Sickle cell nephropathy begins in childhood and may progress to renal failure. Albuminuria is a sensitive marker of glomerular damage that may indicate early chronic kidney disease (CKD).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, setting, participants, & measurements<\/jats:title>\n \n The aims of this study were to determine the cross-sectional prevalence and clinical correlates of albuminuria and CKD among children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Over a 10-year period (1995 to 2005) 410 pediatric SCD patients ages 2 to 21 years were enrolled: 261 with hemoglobin SS (HbSS) or HbS\u03b2\n 0<\/jats:sup>\n thalassemia (HbS\u03b2\n 0<\/jats:sup>\n ) and 149 with HbSC or HbS\u03b2\n +<\/jats:sup>\n thalassemia (HbS\u03b2\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ). The albumin\/creatinine ratio (ACR) of spot-urine specimens and serum creatinine were measured; abnormal albuminuria was defined as urinary ACR \u2265 30 mg\/g.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The prevalence of abnormal albuminuria was 20.7% (23.0% in HbSS\/HbS\u03b2\n 0<\/jats:sup>\n , 16.8% in HbSC\/HbS\u03b2\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ). Among HbSS\/HbS\u03b2\n 0<\/jats:sup>\n , abnormal albuminuria was associated with increasing age and lower baseline hemoglobin. GFR, estimated in 189 patients using the updated Schwartz formula, correlated negatively with age (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.27,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0002). CKD defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes study was present in 26.5% (50 of 189) of patients: stage 1 in 27 (14.8%) and stage 2 in 22 (11.6%). In multivariate analysis, age and HbSC\/HbS\u03b2\n +<\/jats:sup>\n genotype were associated with CKD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This is the first study to stage CKD in children with SCD and highlights a high prevalence of albuminuria and glomerular injury early in life. Detecting CKD in childhood could allow for earlier intervention and prevention of renal failure in adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.01600211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,22]],"date-time":"2011-09-22T21:34:23Z","timestamp":1316727263000},"page":"2628-2633","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Chronic Kidney Disease and Albuminuria in Children with Sickle Cell Disease"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Marianne","family":"McPherson Yee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shameem F.","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeyinwa","family":"Osunkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Clement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Eckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Guasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-13-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000189089.45003.52","article-title":"Outcome of sickle cell anemia: A 4-decade observational study of 1056 patients","volume":"84","author":"Powars","year":"2005","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore"},{"key":"R2-13-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-8-614","article-title":"Chronic renal failure in sickle cell disease: Risk factors, clinical course, and mortality","volume":"115","author":"Powars","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R3-13-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390150015003","article-title":"Renal abnormalities in sickle cell disease","volume":"150","author":"Allon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R4-13-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1988.209","article-title":"Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on renal function in sickle cell anemia","volume":"34","author":"Allon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R5-13-20230811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v32.pm9708603","article-title":"Early glomerular dysfunction in patients with sickle cell anemia","volume":"32","author":"Schmitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R6-13-20230811","first-page":"185","article-title":"Renal function studies in pediatrics. 1. 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