{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:47:32Z","timestamp":1786373252313,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite evidence of multiorgan tropism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), direct viral kidney invasion has been difficult to demonstrate. The question of whether SARS-CoV2 can directly infect the kidney is relevant to the understanding of pathogenesis of AKI and collapsing glomerulopathy in patients with COVID-19. Methodologies to document SARS-CoV-2 infection that have been used include immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization, and electron microscopy. In our review of studies to date, we found that SARS-CoV-2 in the kidneys of patients with COVID-19 was detected in 18 of 94 (19%) by immunohistochemistry, 71 of 144 (49%) by RT-PCR, and 11 of 84 (13%) by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization. In a smaller number of patients with COVID-19 examined by immunofluorescence, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 10 of 13 (77%). In total, in kidneys from 102 of 235 patients (43%), the presence of SARS-CoV-2 was suggested by at least one of the methods used. Despite these positive findings, caution is needed because many other studies have been negative for SARS-CoV-2 and it should be noted that when detected, it was only in kidneys obtained at autopsy. There is a clear need for studies from kidney biopsies, including those performed at early stages of the COVID-19\u2013associated kidney disease. Development of tests to detect kidney viral infection in urine samples would be more practical as a noninvasive way to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 infection during the evolution of COVID-19\u2013associated kidney disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.04560421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T17:30:43Z","timestamp":1623691843000},"page":"1755-1765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Evidence For and Against Direct Kidney Infection by SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Luise","family":"Hassler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divison of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2075-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina"},{"name":"Renal Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Welling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine (Nephrology) and Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Batlle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20241015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020040419","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in COVID-19: Emerging evidence of a distinct pathophysiology","volume":"31","author":"Batlle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B2-20241015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15256","article-title":"The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronavirus with ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) as their main receptor: Therapeutic implications","volume":"76","author":"Davidson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B3-20241015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.05.006","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with 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