{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T13:36:03Z","timestamp":1793799363145,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CJASN"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Minimal change disease (MCD) is a major cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS), characterized by intense proteinuria leading to edema and intravascular volume depletion. In adults, it accounts for approximately 15% of patients with idiopathic NS, reaching a much higher percentage at younger ages, up to 70%\u201390% in children &gt;1 year of age. In the pediatric setting, a renal biopsy is usually not performed if presentation is typical and the patient responds to therapy with oral prednisone at conventional doses. Therefore, in this setting steroid-sensitive NS can be considered synonymous with MCD. The pathologic hallmark of disease is absence of visible alterations by light microscopy and effacement of foot processes by electron microscopy. Although the cause is unknown and it is likely that different subgroups of disease recognize a different pathogenesis, immunologic dysregulation and modifications of the podocyte are thought to synergize in altering the integrity of the glomerular basement membrane and therefore determining proteinuria. The mainstay of therapy is prednisone, but steroid-sensitive forms frequently relapse and this leads to a percentage of patients requiring second-line steroid-sparing immunosuppression. The outcome is variable, but forms of MCD that respond to steroids usually do not lead to chronic renal damage, whereas forms that are unresponsive to steroids may subsequently reveal themselves as FSGS. However, in a substantial number of patients the disease is recurrent and requires long-term immunosuppression, with significant morbidity because of side effects. Recent therapeutic advances, such as the use of anti-CD20 antibodies, have provided long-term remission off-therapy and suggest new hypotheses for disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.05000516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]],"date-time":"2016-12-09T22:21:54Z","timestamp":1481322114000},"page":"332-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":503,"title":["Minimal Change Disease"],"prefix":"10.2215","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Vivarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Massella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases \u201cAldo e Cele Dacc\u00f2\u201d, IRCCS \u2013 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Emma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B2-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(87)80170-1","article-title":"The nephrotic syndrome and its complications","volume":"10","author":"Cameron","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B3-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14184-0","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in childhood","volume":"362","author":"Eddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00272-5","article-title":"Primary glomerulonephritides","volume":"387","author":"Floege","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.106.5.649","article-title":"An electron microscope study of the glomerulus in nephrosis, glomerulonephritis, and lupus erythematosus","volume":"106","author":"Farquhar","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B6-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1106556","article-title":"Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"365","author":"D\u2019Agati","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B7-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.6.1242","article-title":"Evaluation and management of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome in children: recommendations from a pediatric nephrology panel established at the National Kidney Foundation conference on proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, and elimination (PARADE)","volume":"105","author":"Hogg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B9-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80760-3","article-title":"The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children","volume":"98","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B10-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm092","article-title":"Steroid-resistant idiopathic childhood nephrosis: Overdiagnosed and undertreated","volume":"22","author":"Ehrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B12-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03531006","article-title":"Adult minimal-change disease: Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Waldman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B13-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00032","article-title":"Pathology of podocytopathies causing nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"4","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B14-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(84)80043-8","article-title":"The clinical significance of mesangial IgM deposits and mesangial hypercellularity in minimal change nephrotic syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Pardo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B15-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11951113","article-title":"IgA nephropathy with minimal change disease","volume":"9","author":"Herlitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B16-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91880-7","article-title":"Pathogenesis of lipoid nephrosis: A disorder of T-cell function","volume":"2","author":"Shalhoub","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B17-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06620615","article-title":"AKI in children hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Rheault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B18-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10131011","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome-associated thromboembolic disease","volume":"7","author":"Kerlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B19-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu355","article-title":"Permeability factors in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: Historical perspectives and lessons for the future","volume":"29","author":"Maas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B20-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1947-1","article-title":"Physiopathology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: Lessons from glucocorticoids and epigenetic perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Elie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B21-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.232","article-title":"A glomerular permeability factor produced by human T cell hybridomas","volume":"40","author":"Koyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B22-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-013-0672-6","article-title":"The role of the immune system in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: A review of clinical and experimental studies","volume":"63","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"B23-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-013-0415-3","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome with relapse","volume":"36","author":"Sahali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B24-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.059003941.x","article-title":"Role of CD8(+) cells in the progression of murine adriamycin nephropathy","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B25-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20040095","article-title":"Role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"107","author":"van den Berg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B26-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00664.x","article-title":"Renal macrophage activation and Th2 polarization precedes the development of nephrotic syndrome in Buffalo\/Mna rats","volume":"68","author":"Le Berre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B27-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006070710","article-title":"Overexpression of interleukin-13 induces minimal-change-like nephropathy in rats","volume":"18","author":"Lai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B28-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12675","article-title":"Regulatory T cells and minimal change nephropathy: In the midst of a complex network","volume":"183","author":"Bertelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B29-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.02.018","article-title":"Th17\/Treg imbalance in adult patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B30-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1119-8","article-title":"Minimal change nephrotic syndrome associated with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Hashimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B31-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85ra46","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002231","article-title":"Rituximab targets podocytes in recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Fornoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B32-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr405","article-title":"Rituximab in steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood--follow-up after CD19 recovery","volume":"27","author":"Sellier-Leclerc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B33-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015050523","article-title":"B Cell reconstitution after rituximab treatment in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Colucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B34-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1308488","article-title":"Ofatumumab for rituximab-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"370","author":"Basu","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B35-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.143","article-title":"Urinary CD80 is elevated in minimal change disease but not in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"78","author":"Garin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B36-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015091002","article-title":"B7-1 blockade does not improve post-transplant nephrotic syndrome caused by recurrent FSGS","volume":"27","author":"Delville","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephro"},{"key":"B37-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007080940","article-title":"Hemopexin induces nephrin-dependent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes","volume":"19","author":"Lennon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B38-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu368","article-title":"Inhibition of the VEGF signalling pathway and glomerular disorders","volume":"30","author":"Ollero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B39-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2261","article-title":"Podocyte-secreted angiopoietin-like-4 mediates proteinuria in glucocorticoid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Clement","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B40-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3241-0","article-title":"The non-immunosuppressive management of childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"31","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B41-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.03.050","article-title":"Children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome come of age: long-term outcome","volume":"147","author":"R\u00fcth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B42-20230813","first-page":"239","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in children: a randomized trial comparing two prednisone regimens in steroid-responsive patients who relapse early. Report of the international study of kidney disease in children","volume":"95","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B43-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2310-x","article-title":"Treatment of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: new guidelines from KDIGO","volume":"28","author":"Lombel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B44-20230813","first-page":"CD001533","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"3","author":"Hahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B45-20230813","first-page":"401","article-title":"Alternate-day versus intermittent prednisone in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. A report of \u201cArbetsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Nephrologie\u201d","volume":"1","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B46-20230813","first-page":"CD002290","article-title":"Non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"10","author":"Pravitsitthikul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B47-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3245-9","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide and rituximab in frequently relapsing\/steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Webb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B48-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.53321","article-title":"Ponticelli regimen in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol"},{"key":"B49-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1857","article-title":"The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A","volume":"14","author":"Faul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B50-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01520209","article-title":"Risk factors for cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity in children with steroid-dependant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Kengne-Wafo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B51-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2228-3","article-title":"Treatment of tacrolimus or cyclosporine A in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B52-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i3.445","article-title":"New-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation: Current status and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Palepu","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B53-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012121200","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporin A in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Gellermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B54-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08500815","article-title":"Anti-CD20 antibodies for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"11","author":"Ravani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B55-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.153","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome: Rituximab in childhood steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Boyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B56-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2406-3","article-title":"Long-term outcome of children treated with rituximab for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Tellier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B57-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3219-y","article-title":"Vaccinations in children on immunosuppressive medications for renal disease","volume":"31","author":"Banerjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B58-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07370715","article-title":"Rapid response to cyclosporin A and favorable renal outcome in nongenetic versus genetic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B59-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014050489","article-title":"A single-gene cause in 29.5% of cases of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Sadowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B60-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr572","article-title":"Sequential maintenance therapy with cyclosporin A and mycophenolate mofetil for sustained remission of childhood steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Gellermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B61-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.11.033","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Choudhry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B62-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03470410","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with rituximab for difficult steroid-resistant and -dependent nephrotic syndrome: Multicentric report","volume":"5","author":"Gulati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B63-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011080775","article-title":"Rituximab in children with resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Magnasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B65-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012070734","article-title":"The treatment of minimal change disease in adults","volume":"24","author":"Hogan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B66-20230813","first-page":"CD001537","article-title":"Interventions for minimal change disease in adults with nephrotic syndrome","author":"Palmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B67-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027136","article-title":"Long-term outcome of adult-onset minimal-change nephropathy","volume":"11","author":"Mak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B68-20230813","first-page":"1326","article-title":"Cyclosporin versus cyclophosphamide for patients with steroid-dependent and frequently relapsing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: A multicentre randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Ponticelli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B69-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp422","article-title":"Combined cyclosporine and prednisolone therapy in adult patients with the first relapse of minimal-change nephrotic syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Eguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B70-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm637","article-title":"Tacrolimus as a steroid-sparing agent for adults with steroid-dependent minimal change nephrotic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B71-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2003.11.015","article-title":"Mycophenolate therapy in frequently relapsing minimal change disease that has failed cyclophosphamide therapy","volume":"43","author":"Pesavento","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B72-20230813","first-page":"127","article-title":"The use of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in the treatment of relapsing and steroid-dependent minimal change disease","volume":"21","author":"Siu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"B73-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013030251","article-title":"Rituximab in steroid-dependent or frequently relapsing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Ruggenenti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B74-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070640","article-title":"Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody titer predicts post-rituximab outcome of membranous nephropathy","volume":"26","author":"Ruggenenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B75-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00078","article-title":"The evidence-based approach to adult-onset idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Canetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B76-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.93","article-title":"Genetic screening in adolescents with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Lipska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B77-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.03.008","article-title":"Tacrolimus versus intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in Chinese adults with steroid-resistant idiopathic minimal change nephropathy: A multicenter, open-label, nonrandomized cohort trial","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B78-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013080852","article-title":"Initial steroid sensitivity in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome predicts post-transplant recurrence","volume":"25","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B79-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1986.130","article-title":"Adult-onset minimal change nephrotic syndrome: A long-term follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Nolasco","year":"1986","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B80-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2003.50116","article-title":"Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: from childhood to adulthood","volume":"41","author":"Fakhouri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B81-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-003-1176-3","article-title":"Long-term linear growth of children with severe steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Emma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B82-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.020","article-title":"Time for initial response to steroids is a major prognostic factor in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Vivarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B83-20230813","first-page":"380","article-title":"Short versus standard prednisone therapy for initial treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children. Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr P\u00e4diatrische Nephrologie","volume":"1","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B84-20230813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.02.007","article-title":"Increased endothelin 1 expression in adult-onset minimal change nephropathy with acute renal failure","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01277230-201702000-00017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:36:27Z","timestamp":1786368987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01277230-201702000-00017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.05000516","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-9041","1555-905X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-9041","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-905X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]]}}}